Affymetrix

Affymetrix is an American genomics and life-science technology brand associated with the commercial development of high-density DNA microarrays, gene-expression analysis, genotyping, and related laboratory workflows. Its best-known product family, GeneChip, helped establish microarrays as standardized, scalable tools for measuring many nucleic-acid targets in parallel. Affymetrix arrays were used in academic and pharmaceutical research, molecular genetics, disease studies, biomarker discovery, drug development, and translational medicine. The company’s origins lie in work led by Stephen Fodor and his research group on fabricating DNA arrays with techniques adapted from semiconductor manufacturing. The work began within Affymax and its affiliated research activities before Affymetrix was established as a separate company. Alex Zaffaroni and Stephen Fodor are identified with the company’s founding and early development. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the group developed methods for producing densely packed arrays in a reproducible format. Affymetrix introduced its first product carrying the GeneChip trademark, an HIV genotyping array, in 1994. The company became publicly traded in 1996. Affymetrix’s business model combined consumable arrays with instruments, reagents, software, and interpretation workflows. This integrated approach allowed laboratories to purchase a complete platform rather than an isolated chip. The company expanded beyond expression arrays into genotyping, cytogenetics, custom SNP analysis, bioinformatics, biochemical reagents, flow cytometry, and lower- to mid-plex molecular assays. Its portfolio grew organically and through acquisitions, including Genetic MicroSystems, Neomorphic, ParAllele Bioscience, USB/Anatrace, Panomics, and eBioscience. It also spun out Perlegen Sciences in 2000 as a separate business focused on wafer-scale genomics and population variation. A significant regulatory milestone came in January 2014, when the United States Food and Drug Administration cleared the CytoScan Dx Assay. The postnatal blood test used whole-genome copy-number information to assist physicians investigating developmental delay, intellectual disability, congenital abnormalities, and dysmorphic features in children. This broadened the visibility of Affymetrix technology beyond research applications into clinical diagnostic support. On January 8, 2016, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced an agreement to acquire Affymetrix for approximately $1.3 billion. The transaction closed on March 31, 2016. Affymetrix consequently ceased to operate as an independent listed company. Its technologies and products were integrated into Thermo Fisher’s life-science operations, and the Affymetrix name subsequently became associated with a line of microarray products sold within the Applied Biosystems organization. The brand therefore represents both a historical independent biotechnology company and an ongoing product and technology heritage within Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Affymetrix developed from genomics research associated with Affymax and the work of Stephen Fodor’s group. During the late 1980s, the group developed ways to manufacture DNA microarrays using photolithographic and semiconductor-industry techniques. These methods supported the production of dense, reproducible arrays capable of testing many genetic targets simultaneously. Affymetrix was established as a separate company in the early 1990s, with Alex Zaffaroni and Stephen Fodor associated with its founding. The company’s first GeneChip-branded product, an HIV genotyping array, appeared in 1994. Its public listing in 1996 helped provide capital for product development, manufacturing, and commercial expansion. The company’s GeneChip systems became its defining platform. Rather than selling only array substrates, Affymetrix developed an ecosystem that included arrays, hybridization reagents, scanners, laboratory instruments, software, and data-analysis procedures. This integrated model supported applications in gene-expression profiling, genotyping, pharmacogenomics, cytogenetics, and disease research. Affymetrix expanded its capabilities through a series of acquisitions. In 2000 it acquired Genetic MicroSystems, which contributed slide-based microarrays and scanning technology, and Neomorphic, which added bioinformatics expertise. That year, Perlegen Sciences was spun out as a separate company focused on wafer-scale genomics and the analysis of population-level genetic variation. Affymetrix later acquired ParAllele Bioscience for custom SNP genotyping. In 2008 it added USB/Anatrace for biochemical reagents and Panomics for lower- and mid-plex molecular applications, along with related True Materials assets. The acquisition of eBioscience in 2012 expanded the company into flow-cytometry products and related research tools. In January 2014, the FDA cleared the CytoScan Dx Assay, a postnatal blood test based on whole-genome analysis. The assay was intended to assist physicians evaluating children with developmental delay, intellectual disability, congenital abnormalities, or dysmorphic features. This regulatory clearance illustrated the movement of array technology from research laboratories toward clinical diagnostic support. Thermo Fisher Scientific announced its agreement to acquire Affymetrix on January 8, 2016, for approximately $1.3 billion. The transaction closed on March 31, 2016. Following the acquisition, Affymetrix no longer operated as an independent public company. Its products, technologies, and expertise were incorporated into Thermo Fisher’s life-science business, with the former Affymetrix product heritage subsequently associated with Applied Biosystems. The brand is therefore best understood today as an acquired genomics technology and product line rather than as a standalone listed corporation.

1. 2016Acquisition by Thermo Fisher Scientific completed

   Thermo Fisher Scientific completed its approximately $1.3 billion acquisition of Affymetrix on March 31, 2016.

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2. 2014FDA clearance for CytoScan Dx Assay

   The FDA cleared the CytoScan Dx Assay for use in evaluating genetic causes associated with several developmental and congenital conditions.

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3. 2012eBioscience acquisition

   Affymetrix acquired eBioscience, expanding its portfolio into flow cytometry and related research products.

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4. 2008Expansion into reagents and molecular assays

   Affymetrix acquired USB/Anatrace and Panomics-related assets to broaden biochemical-reagent and lower- to mid-plex assay offerings.

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5. 2000Microarray and bioinformatics acquisitions

   Affymetrix acquired Genetic MicroSystems and Neomorphic, expanding into slide-based arrays, scanners, and bioinformatics.

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6. 2000Perlegen Sciences spun out

   Perlegen Sciences became a separate company focused on wafer-scale genomics and population genetic variation.

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7. 1996Public listing

   Affymetrix became a publicly traded company.

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8. 1994First GeneChip product introduced

   Affymetrix introduced an HIV genotyping array under the GeneChip trademark.

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9. 1993Spin-off from Affymax research activities

   Affymetrix was spun off from Affymax Research Institute and developed as an independent biotechnology company.

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10. 1991Affymetrix begins as an Affymax-related unit

    The business operated as a unit connected with Affymax before becoming a separately established company.

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11. 1983Early company formation and microarray development

    Affymetrix’s origins are associated with the development of DNA microarray technology by Stephen Fodor’s group and the company’s early biotechnology activities in the United States.

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A research and molecular-genomics platform focused on high-throughput microarray testing, gene-expression measurement, genotyping, cytogenetics, and associated laboratory analysis.

• GeneChipDNA microarray platform1994

  GeneChip is Affymetrix’s signature family of high-density microarrays. The platform was developed for parallel measurement of nucleic-acid targets and supported applications such as gene-expression profiling, genotyping, infectious-disease research, and other genomic assays. GeneChip workflows generally combined array consumables with labeling and hybridization reagents, scanning instruments, and software for signal processing and interpretation. The platform helped make microarray experiments more standardized and scalable for research laboratories.

• AxiomGenotyping arrays

  Axiom is an Affymetrix genotyping-array family designed to measure large numbers of genetic variants in parallel. It served human-genetics, population-genetics, pharmacogenomics, agricultural, and other high-throughput research applications. The product line extended Affymetrix beyond expression analysis into scalable SNP and variant characterization, using array-based workflows intended for substantial sample volumes.

• CytoScan Dx AssayClinical cytogenetics assay2014

  CytoScan Dx Assay is a postnatal blood-based whole-genome microarray test cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2014. It was designed to assist physicians investigating possible genetic causes of developmental delay, intellectual disability, congenital abnormalities, and dysmorphic features in children. The assay uses genome-wide information to identify genomic changes that may help guide clinical evaluation.

• Affymetrix SNP genotyping productsSNP genotyping

  Affymetrix developed and acquired technologies for SNP genotyping, including capabilities associated with ParAllele Bioscience. These products supported custom and high-throughput analysis of genetic variants for human genetics, population studies, pharmacogenomics, and research into inherited disease. They complemented the company’s expression-array business by providing platforms focused on genotype rather than transcript abundance.

• 2016Accept acquisition by Thermo Fisher ScientificM&A

  Affymetrix was an established microarray and genomics supplier, while Thermo Fisher sought to strengthen its life-science tools portfolio.

  What changed. Thermo Fisher Scientific announced the acquisition for approximately $1.3 billion and completed the transaction on March 31, 2016.

  Aftermath. Affymetrix ceased to be an independent listed company, and its technologies and products were incorporated into Thermo Fisher’s operations, including the Applied Biosystems brand portfolio.

  Acquisition value. Approximately $1.3 billion (Announced January 8, 2016; completed March 31, 2016)

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• 2014Pursue clinical application of array technologyOther

  Affymetrix sought to apply genome-wide array analysis to clinical evaluation of children with developmental and congenital conditions.

  What changed. The company obtained FDA clearance for the CytoScan Dx Assay.

  Aftermath. The clearance provided a regulated clinical use for an Affymetrix whole-genome array assay.

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• 2012Acquire eBioscienceM&A

  Affymetrix pursued expansion into adjacent life-science research technologies.

  What changed. It acquired eBioscience, adding flow-cytometry products and related capabilities.

  Aftermath. The acquisition diversified Affymetrix’s product base beyond array-centered genomics.

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• 2008Expand into reagents and molecular-assay applicationsM&A

  Affymetrix aimed to extend its portfolio into laboratory reagents and applications requiring lower or moderate levels of molecular multiplexing.

  What changed. The company acquired USB/Anatrace and Panomics-related assets, including True Materials technology.

  Aftermath. The transactions broadened the company’s research-tool and assay portfolio beyond conventional high-density arrays.

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• 2000Acquire Genetic MicroSystems and NeomorphicM&A

  Affymetrix sought to broaden its microarray ecosystem beyond its core array technology.

  What changed. It acquired Genetic MicroSystems for slide-based microarrays and scanners and Neomorphic for bioinformatics capabilities.

  Aftermath. The acquisitions expanded Affymetrix’s hardware, array-format, and computational offerings.

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• 2000Spin out Perlegen SciencesStrategy

  Wafer-scale genomics and population-variation research represented a distinct business focus from Affymetrix’s principal commercial platform activities.

  What changed. Affymetrix separated Perlegen Sciences as an independent business.

  Aftermath. Perlegen continued as a discrete genomics company focused on large-scale genetic variation and expression studies.

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• 2016Thermo Fisher Scientific announces acquisition of Affymetrix

  Thermo Fisher announced an agreement to acquire Affymetrix for approximately $1.3 billion.

  M&A
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• 2016Thermo Fisher Scientific completes Affymetrix acquisition

  The acquisition closed on March 31, ending Affymetrix’s status as an independent listed company and bringing its technologies into Thermo Fisher’s life-science portfolio.

  M&A
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• 2014FDA clears the CytoScan Dx Assay

  The FDA cleared Affymetrix’s postnatal whole-genome assay to help investigate genetic causes associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, congenital abnormalities, and dysmorphic features.

  RegulationProduct launch
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• 2008Affymetrix adds reagent and molecular-assay capabilities

  The company acquired USB/Anatrace for biochemical reagents and Panomics, together with related technology assets, to broaden lower- and mid-plex molecular applications.

  M&A
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• 2000Affymetrix expands through technology acquisitions

  Affymetrix acquired Genetic MicroSystems for slide-based arrays and scanners and Neomorphic for bioinformatics capabilities.

  M&A
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• 2000Perlegen Sciences is spun out

  Perlegen Sciences was separated as a distinct business focused on wafer-scale genomics and the study of population variation.

  M&A
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• 1996Affymetrix becomes a public company

  The company completed its public-market listing, supporting expansion of its microarray business.

  Other
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• 1994Affymetrix introduces its first GeneChip product

  Affymetrix launched an HIV genotyping chip, the first product sold under the GeneChip trademark.

  Product launch
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