Relativity Space

Founding and funding (2015–2023)

Relativity Space was founded in 2015 by CEO Tim Ellis and CTO Jordan Noone on the idea that existing private spaceflight companies were not putting in enough attention and research into the potential of additive manufacturing (3D printing).[6] Relativity was founded with the intent of being the first company to successfully launch a fully 3D-printed launch vehicle into orbit.[7]

In November 2020, Relativity Space announced its US$500 million Series D funding at a calculated US$2.3 billion valuation.[8] In June 2021 Relativity announced another US$650 million funding round led by Fidelity Investments at a valuation of US$4.2 billion, bringing its total funding to US$1.335 billion.[9] The funding will help the development of a partially reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle, the Terran R, targeting a first orbital launch no earlier than 2026.[10] Relativity Space has investors including Baillie Gifford, Blackrock, BOND, Coatue, Fidelity, General Catalyst, ICONIQ Capital, K5 Global, Mark Cuban, Playground Global, Social Capital, Tiger Global, Tribe Capital, and Y Combinator among others.[11]

In June 2022, it was reported that Relativity Space would send OneWeb’s second-gen broadband satellites to orbit in 2025 (though Terran R is now projected to launch for the first time no earlier than 2026). This announcement marked a total value of binding launch deals for that rocket to over $1.2 billion despite the company having yet to have launched their first rocket.[12]

"Good Luck, Have Fun" and shifting to Terran R (From 2023)

The company's initial attempt to launch its first rocket, named Terran 1, on March 8, 2023 was scrubbed due to technical issues, with a second attempt anticipated for March 11, 2023, which was also scrubbed.[13][14]

On March 23, 2023, Relativity launched its first Terran 1 flight, naming it "Good Luck, Have Fun" and carrying no payload.[15] but it experienced failure during its second stage of flight and failed to reach orbit.[16][17] Following the failed launch, Relativity announced that it was retiring Terran 1 in favor of developing the much larger, reusable Terran R vehicle. The Terran R design transitions some of the parts with less complexity (such as tanks) to more closely resemble manufacturing techniques used by others in the industry, instead of relying on additive manufacturing.[18] The shift to the Terran R was also motivated by market forces in the launch industry. SpaceX's Falcon-9 rideshare missions, which launch many small satellites in a single launch, can offer lower pricing than a dedicated launch on smaller rocket. As a result, companies with smaller launch vehicles saw the need to diversify or pivot from their small launch vehicles. The Terran R is a much larger launch vehicle than the Terran 1, making it possible for it to be more cost-competitive with the Falcon 9. Rocket Lab took a similar approach, developing its Neutron launch vehicle, and additionally expanding its satellite hardware business.[19]

On March 10, 2025, Relativity announced that former Google head Eric Schmidt replaced Ellis as CEO of the company, though Ellis remains on the board. Schmidt was reported to have taken a controlling interest in the company.[20]

Headquarters

Relativity Space announced a new 11000 sqm Long Beach, California headquarters and factory in February 2020.[21] As of February 2020, the new headquarters is planned to house both business operations and Relativity's autonomous development operations that the company plans to build into a modern rocket manufacturing factory in the coming years.[22] According to an interview with CEO Tim Ellis in early 2020, the factory is planned to have no fixed tooling, which is hoped to allow it to be rapidly reconfigured and autonomous.[23] A new 93,000-square-metre (1,000,000 sq ft) factory was announced in June 2021, with Relativity set to takeover the former Boeing C-17 production plant in January 2022 to begin production of its Terran R reusable launch vehicle.[24] In 2024, with the headquarters building completed, the company looked to have permitting approved for a 200 foot tall test stand. The application is in progress.[25]

Stennis Space Center

In March 2018, Relativity Space signed a 20-year lease at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, a NASA rocket testing facility, to test engine components and eventually full-scale test their Aeon 1 rocket engines.[3][8] And in June 2019, Relativity Space expanded their work with the Stennis Space Center to include exclusive use of 20000 sqm within Building 9101.[26] In mid-2019, Relativity Space planned to create 200 jobs and invest US$59 million in Mississippi over the course of this nine-year lease, which carries an option to extend for another 10 years.[26] In late 2023, the company expanded its presence at the site with an agreement to lease the A-2 test stand in order to perform vertical testing on Terran R.[27]

Cape Canaveral LC-16

In January 2019, Relativity Space announced that it won a competitive bidding process with the United States Air Force to build and operate Launch Complex 16 (LC-16) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.[28] LC-16 has historical significance having been previously used by the US military to launch Titan and Pershing ballistic missiles.[28] In April 2024, the company shared an update on the site that initial groundwork for the Terran R launch pad was complete with water line installation in progress.[29]

Vandenberg Space Force Base Building 330

In June 2020, Relativity Space announced it plans to develop a second launch pad at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California to launch payloads into polar orbits and Sun-synchronous orbits, including the Iridium satellite launches, between 2023 and 2030.[30]

Launch vehicles

Terran 1

Terran 1 was an expendable launch vehicle that consisted of two stages. The first stage used nine Aeon 1 engines, while the second stage used a single vacuum-optimized Aeon 1 engine. It was designed to launch a maximum payload of 1250 kg to 185 km low Earth orbit (LEO), normal payload of 900 kg to 500 km Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), and high-altitude payload of 700 kg to 1200 km SSO. Relativity's advertised launch price was US$12 million per Terran 1 mission in June 2020.[30] Relativity conducted the first launch of Terran 1 on March 23, 2023 (UTC) after three scrubbed launch attempts.[31] Soon after launch, an anomaly occurred with the upper stage engine which prevented the rocket from achieving orbit. The second stage engine and nosecone splashed into the ocean about 4 minutes into the flight.[17] The Terran 1 rocket was retired after this failed maiden flight.[18]

Terran R

Terran R is a heavy-lift two-stage, partially reusable launch vehicle that is currently under development. Compared to the smaller, expendable Terran 1, it is partially constructed using the same 3D printing technologies, but has moved away from additive manufacturing for several components, such as the fuel tanks. Additionally, Relativity has utilized outside suppliers for some components, such as fuel tank domes and fairings.[32] The Terran R is substantially larger than the Terran 1, with a maximum payload capacity of 33,500 kg to low Earth orbit when expended. When re-using the booster stage, the payload is projected to be 23,500 kg to a 200 km low-earth orbit and 5,500 kg to geostationary transfer orbit. This capacity represents a larger payload mass than Falcon 9, but smaller than Blue Origin's New Glenn. The first launch is expected to take place no earlier than 2026.[10] The first stage will use 13 Aeon R gas generator cycle engines that use liquid oxygen and methane propellant. Nine of the engines are capable of gimbaling and four are fixed. The second stage will use an upgraded Aeon Vac engine, which is also a gas generator cycle engine using liquid oxygen and methane.[32]

Rocket engines

Aeon 1

The Aeon 1 rocket engine is designed to produce 23000 lbf at sea level and 25400 lbf in a vacuum. The engine is powered by liquid natural gas (LNG) and liquid oxygen (LOX). It is made out of a proprietary 3D-printed alloy. (GRCop[33] ) It is printed by selective laser sintering and assembled from fewer than 100 parts.[34] By February 2022, Relativity Space had completed 500+ test firings of its Aeon 1 engine,[35] using the E-3 test facility at NASA's Stennis Space Center.[8]

The vacuum-optimized version of Aeon 1, known as AeonVac, powers the second stage of Relativity's rockets.[36][37]

Aeon R

The Aeon R engine, currently under development, is a high pressure gas generator cycle LOX/subcooled Methane propellants engine[38] designed to produce 258000 lbf of thrust at sea level and 279000 lbf in a vacuum. 13 Aeon R engines will power the first stage of Terran R with a combined liftoff thrust of 3,354,000 lbf.[39]

Stargate

In order to 3D print large components such as rocket tanks and airframes, Relativity Space has created a system named Stargate, which it claims is the world's largest 3D printer of metals.[40][41] Stargate uses existing welding technology to melt metal wire, layer by layer, into precise and complex structures that have minimal joints and parts.[42] The company 3D-printed 85% of their Terran 1 launch vehicle as of 2023 and aims to print 95% of the launch vehicle in the future.[43] The company plans to eventually 3D-print a complete launch vehicle within 60 days.[44][8]