Granada plc

Granada plc was a British media and services conglomerate whose origins lay in the cinema business established by Sidney Bernstein. Incorporated as Granada Ltd. in 1934, it developed from a theatre operator into a diversified group spanning cinemas, television broadcasting, television rental, publishing, catering, motorway service areas, hotels, theme parks, leisure venues, and related consumer businesses. Its most enduring identity came from Granada Television, the ITV franchise holder for the North of England from 1954 until the creation of ITV plc in 2004. The group’s early expansion reflected the changing British media and consumer environment. It entered television broadcasting when it won the northern ITV franchise in 1954, creating Granada Television in Manchester. The company also built a substantial television-rental operation from the late 1950s, later expanding through acquisitions including Robinson Rentals. At its peak, the rental business operated under the Granada TV Rental name in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, offering televisions, videocassette recorders, and satellite-reception equipment. Falling equipment prices and improving reliability eventually weakened the rental model, and the business was combined with Radio Rentals in 2000 to form Boxclever. Granada diversified into publishing during the 1960s through acquisitions including Mayflower Books, Panther Books, Paladin, and other imprints. Granada Publishing was sold to William Collins, Sons in 1983. The company also developed a substantial catering and hospitality division. It opened its first motorway service area in 1964 and became one of the United Kingdom’s leading operators, later acquiring Forte in 1996. That transaction brought businesses such as Welcome Break, Little Chef, Happy Eater, Travelodge, and Le Méridien into the wider group, although parts of the portfolio were subsequently disposed of for regulatory or strategic reasons. During the late twentieth century Granada continued to experiment with leisure and technology. It operated theme parks including Camelot, the American Adventure, and the Granada Studios Tour; owned bingo halls and nightclubs; ran a bowling chain; and briefly supplied computer hardware and business services. It was also involved in the launch of British Satellite Broadcasting and held a minority interest in the entity that became BSkyB after the 1990 merger of British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television. The company’s strategic centre of gravity returned increasingly to television. Granada acquired London Weekend Television in 1994 and, in 1996, combined its television interests with LWT and a consortium of cable channels to form Granada Media Group. It acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television in 1997, launched Granada Entertainment USA, and later bought the television interests of United News & Media, including Meridian and Anglia. Granada also acquired Border Television in 2001. By the early 2000s it controlled seven ITV regional companies and held interests in related pay-television, news, production, and Irish broadcasting ventures. Granada participated with Carlton Communications and BSkyB in the successful bid for a British digital terrestrial television licence. Following BSkyB’s exclusion on competition grounds, the service launched as ONdigital in 1998 and was rebranded ITV Digital in 2001. ITV Digital entered voluntary liquidation and closed in 2002, contributing to a difficult period for the company and its wider ITV strategy. In 2000 Granada separated its media and catering interests through a merger with Compass Group. The resulting Granada Compass structure was demerged in 2001, leaving Granada Ltd. as the media company and the motorway-service business subsequently rebranded as Moto. Granada then agreed a merger with Carlton Communications in October 2003. The transaction completed on 2 February 2004, when Granada became ITV plc. Granada shareholders received two-thirds of…

Granada plc originated in the cinema enterprise associated with Sidney Bernstein. Granada Theatres Ltd. was established in 1930, and Granada Ltd. was incorporated in 1934 with the theatre company as a subsidiary. The group became publicly traded in London in 1935 and initially built its identity around cinemas and related leisure operations. A decisive change came in 1954, when Granada won the ITV franchise for the North of England. Broadcasting as Granada Television from Manchester, the company became one of the most distinctive regional ITV operators. Its television activities later became known for long-running programmes, regional news, and production capabilities that gave Granada influence beyond its franchise area. From 1959 the group expanded into television rental. The operation, originally associated with the Red Arrow name, benefited from the high cost and limited reliability of television sets during the post-war period. Granada broadened the business through purchases including Robinson Rentals, Telefusion, and DVR. It later rented videocassette recorders and satellite equipment, but the business declined as household electronics became cheaper and consumers shifted toward ownership. In 2000 Granada TV Rental and Radio Rentals were combined into Boxclever. Granada entered publishing in the 1960s, acquiring businesses such as Mayflower Books and Panther Books, including the Paladin imprint, and later combining further publishing assets under Granada Publishing. William Collins, Sons acquired the publishing business in 1983 and renamed it Grafton Books. Granada also operated bingo venues after converting some cinemas, but the bingo business was sold to Bass in 1991 and later became associated with Gala Bingo. The group developed a second major business in catering and hospitality. It opened a motorway service area in 1964 and expanded across the British motorway network, promoting faster and simpler service rather than the more elaborate dining model common at the time. Through the 1990s it became a major operator of service areas. Its acquisition of Forte in 1996 added Welcome Break, Little Chef, Happy Eater, Travelodge, Le Méridien, and other hospitality assets. Granada later separated these interests from its media operations. A 2000 combination with Compass Group created Granada Compass, followed by a 2001 demerger; the service-area business was subsequently associated with the Moto name. Granada’s diversification also included theme parks and other leisure ventures. It acquired Camelot in 1986, opened the American Adventure in 1987, and launched the Granada Studios Tour in 1988. It operated bowling alleys under the GX Superbowl name and acquired the Madison nightclub chain. These activities were eventually sold or closed as the company concentrated more heavily on television. In broadcasting, Granada participated in British Satellite Broadcasting, which launched in 1990 before merging with Sky Television later that year. Granada retained a minority interest in the resulting BSkyB for a period. In 1994 it acquired London Weekend Television. In 1996 its television interests were reorganised into Granada Media Group, and the group acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television in 1997. Granada expanded into the United States through Granada Entertainment USA and established a home-video operation through a 1998 agreement with Video Collection International. Granada also joined Carlton Communications and BSkyB in bidding for a digital terrestrial television licence. The consortium won, although BSkyB was excluded for competition reasons. The resulting service launched as ONdigital in 1998 and became ITV Digital in 2001. It entered voluntary liquidation in 2002. Granada increased its ITV footprint by acquiring United News & Media’s television interests in 2000, including Meridian and Anglia, while selling HTV’s broadcasting operation to Carlton to satisfy competition requirements and retaining its network production business. Border Television was acquired in 2001. By the time of its final transaction, Granada owned or controlled seven ITV regional companies: Granada Television, London Weekend Television, Yorkshire Television, Tyne Tees Television, Meridian, Anglia, and Border. It also held interests in Granada Sky Broadcasting, ITV2, the ITV News Channel, Independent Television News, and TV3 in Ireland. In October 2003 Granada and Carlton agreed to merge. The transaction completed on 2 February 2004, creating ITV plc. Although presented as a merger, ITV plc’s first annual report treated Granada as the continuing company and Carlton as an acquisition for accounting purposes. Charles Allen, Granada’s chief executive, became chief executive of ITV plc. The Granada corporate entity disappeared, but Granada remained visible in the North West ITV regional name, the Granada Reports news programme, and production branding that continued until ITV Studios became the principal production identity in 2009.

1. 2004Granada becomes ITV plc

   The merger with Carlton Communications completes, ending Granada’s existence as an independent company.

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2. 2002ITV Digital closes

   ITV Digital enters voluntary liquidation and ceases operations.

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3. 2001Media demerger and Border acquisition

   Granada’s media business is separated from the catering group, and Border Television is acquired. ONdigital is rebranded ITV Digital.

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4. 2000United News & Media television assets are acquired

   Granada acquires Meridian and Anglia, while restructuring its media and catering interests with Compass Group.

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5. 1998ONdigital launches

   Granada’s digital-terrestrial joint venture begins broadcasting after winning a UK licence.

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6. 1997Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television is acquired

   Granada expands its ITV regional holdings and launches Granada Entertainment USA.

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7. 1996Forte is acquired

   Granada acquires Forte, adding hospitality, hotel, roadside, and service-area businesses.

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8. 1994London Weekend Television is acquired

   The acquisition expands Granada’s portfolio of ITV regional interests.

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9. 1990British Satellite Broadcasting launches

   Granada participates in British Satellite Broadcasting, which later merges with Sky Television.

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10. 1983Publishing division is sold

    William Collins, Sons acquires Granada Publishing and later renames it Grafton Books.

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11. 1964First motorway service area opens

    Granada enters motorway catering and begins developing a significant service-area network.

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12. 1959Television rental expansion begins

    Granada starts building a television-rental chain that becomes a major part of its consumer business.

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13. 1954Granada wins the North of England ITV franchise

    The company begins broadcasting as Granada Television from Manchester.

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14. 1935London listing begins

    Granada becomes listed on the London Stock Exchange in one form or another.

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15. 1934Granada Ltd. is incorporated

    Granada Ltd. is incorporated, with Granada Theatres Ltd. operating as a subsidiary.

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16. 1930Granada Theatres is established

    Sidney Bernstein establishes the cinema business that forms the commercial origin of Granada.

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A diversified British media and leisure group whose strategic importance ultimately rested on regional ITV broadcasting, television production, and ownership of multiple ITV franchises.

• Granada TelevisionITV regional broadcasting1954

  Granada Television was the company’s North of England ITV service, launched after Granada won the regional franchise in 1954. Based in Manchester, it combined regional broadcasting, news, and network programme production. It became the core asset around which Granada’s later television strategy was built and remained part of the ITV regional structure after the 2004 creation of ITV plc.

• Granada TV RentalConsumer electronics rental1959

  Granada TV Rental supplied televisions and later videocassette recorders and satellite-reception equipment to households. The business grew through acquisitions and operated across the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. Its economic model weakened as electronic goods became less expensive and more reliable, leading to its combination with Radio Rentals in 2000 to form Boxclever.

• Granada Sky BroadcastingPay television

  Granada Sky Broadcasting was a pay-television joint venture associated with Granada and Sky. At the time of the Granada-Carlton transaction, its channels included Men & Motors and Granada Plus. The venture formed part of Granada’s attempt to extend its television assets beyond terrestrial ITV broadcasting.

• ONdigital / ITV DigitalDigital terrestrial television1998

  ONdigital was the digital terrestrial television service created by Granada, Carlton, and their partners after winning a UK licence. It launched in 1998 and was renamed ITV Digital in 2001. The service entered voluntary liquidation and closed in 2002.

• Granada Studios TourTheme park and visitor attraction1988

  The Granada Studios Tour in Manchester presented television sets, props, production techniques, and programme-related attractions. It opened in 1988 and later added the Skytrak Total flying roller coaster. The attraction closed to the public in 1999 and ceased fully in 2001.

• Granada motorway service areasMotorway catering and hospitality1964

  Granada developed a large British motorway-service network beginning with its first site in 1964. Its operating model emphasised quick, straightforward food service rather than formal dining. The business expanded through the Forte acquisition and was separated from the media company during the Granada Compass restructuring before becoming associated with the Moto brand.

• 2001ITV Digital rebrand

  United Kingdom

  ONdigital was repositioned under the ITV Digital name in an effort to connect the service more closely with the established ITV brand.

  Outcome. The service did not achieve a sustainable business model and was liquidated in 2002.

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• 1998ONdigital launch

  United Kingdom

  Granada and Carlton launched ONdigital as a new digital terrestrial television service after securing a UK licence with their partners.

  Outcome. The service was rebranded ITV Digital in 2001 but entered voluntary liquidation and closed in 2002.

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• 2004Complete the Carlton transactionM&A

  Granada and Carlton had agreed to combine their ITV interests and related media assets.

  What changed. On 2 February 2004 Granada became ITV plc, with Charles Allen moving from Granada’s chief executive role to lead the new company.

  Aftermath. The Granada name survived in regional ITV and production identities, but Granada plc no longer operated as a separate listed group.

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• 2003Agree merger with Carlton CommunicationsM&A

  Speculation about combining the two major ITV groups intensified as the British television market moved toward consolidation.

  What changed. Granada agreed a transaction with Carlton Communications that would create ITV plc, with Granada shareholders receiving two-thirds of the new company.

  Aftermath. The transaction completed in February 2004 and ended Granada’s independent corporate existence.

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• 2001Consolidate ITV regional holdingsStrategy

  Granada had expanded its portfolio through acquisitions of television companies and the purchase of United News & Media’s television interests.

  What changed. It acquired Border Television while retaining a broad portfolio of ITV regional franchises and associated production assets.

  Aftermath. Granada became one of the dominant ITV franchise groups before its combination with Carlton.

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• 2000Separate media and catering interestsStrategy

  Granada operated substantial businesses in both television and catering, including motorway service areas and hospitality assets.

  What changed. It merged with Compass Group to create Granada Compass, followed by a demerger that left the media activities in Granada Ltd.

  Aftermath. The restructuring clarified Granada’s identity as a media-focused company while the service-area activities were subsequently associated with Moto.

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• 2004Granada becomes part of ITV plc

  The merger with Carlton completed on 2 February 2004. Granada plc became ITV plc and ceased operating as an independent company.

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• 2003Granada and Carlton agree merger

  Granada and Carlton Communications agreed a merger that would combine their ITV interests. Granada shareholders were to own approximately two-thirds of the resulting company.

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• 2002ITV Digital enters voluntary liquidation

  The digital terrestrial television service formerly known as ONdigital and then ITV Digital entered voluntary liquidation and closed after operating difficulties.

  BankruptcyOther
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• 2000Granada merges with Compass Group

  Granada combined with Compass Group in a transaction designed to separate the group’s media and catering activities. The media business was subsequently demerged as Granada Ltd. in 2001.

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1. Granada plc