Cable & Wireless

Cable & Wireless was a British telecommunications company whose history reached back to the submarine telegraph ventures established by Sir John Pender in the late nineteenth century. The company became one of the principal communications businesses of the British Empire, initially building and operating undersea telegraph cables linking Britain with the Mediterranean, India, the Far East, Australasia, the Caribbean and South America. Its corporate lineage is usually traced to 1869, when Pender established the Falmouth, Malta, Gibraltar Telegraph Company and the British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company. In 1872, these businesses were combined with the Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company to form the Eastern Telegraph Company, with Pender as chairman. The Eastern Telegraph group expanded largely by acquiring or absorbing other cable operators. Its network grew rapidly, and by the late 1880s it operated tens of thousands of miles of cable. The group later adopted broader names as it incorporated companies serving Australasia, China, the West Indies and South America. During the First World War, its cables carried strategically important communications and became direct targets in the conflict. The company worked with the British government, the Royal Navy and the General Post Office in managing and protecting cable routes, while wartime disruption increased the importance of reliable imperial communications. Competition from wireless radio led the British government and industry to consolidate overseas communications. In 1928, the communications interests of the British Empire were combined under Imperial and International Communications Ltd. The business was renamed Cable and Wireless Limited in 1934. It continued to operate international telecommunications subsidiaries, including a company established to manage India's external communications. The Second World War again made the network strategically significant: cables were attacked or cut, the company's London headquarters at Electra House was damaged by bombing, and its personnel and equipment supported Allied military operations. Cable and Wireless was nationalised in 1947. Its United Kingdom assets were transferred to the General Post Office, while the company continued as a government-owned operator responsible principally for overseas telecommunications assets and services. The company returned to private ownership during the early 1980s under the United Kingdom government's privatisation programme. It then became an important force in the liberalisation of the British telecommunications market. Through Mercury Communications, it received a licence to operate a network in competition with British Telecom and became one of the earliest substantial alternatives to the incumbent UK telephone operator. During the 1990s and early 2000s, Cable & Wireless pursued a broad international strategy. It expanded into corporate data networking, internet backbone services, cable television, overseas fixed and mobile telecommunications, and national or regional carrier businesses. It acquired or invested in operations in Panama, Japan, Australia, the United States and Europe, while retaining especially strong positions in a number of Caribbean markets and other territories historically connected with the British telecommunications system. Its consumer cable assets in the United Kingdom were sold to NTL, while several later acquisitions strengthened its enterprise network and managed-services activities. The company ultimately separated into two businesses. In March 2010, the international division was demerged as Cable & Wireless Communications, while the remaining UK-focused business became Cable & Wireless Worldwide. Vodafone agreed to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide in 2012, completed the transaction in July of that year, and integrated the business into Vodafone in April 2013. Cable & Wireless therefore no longer exists as an independent operating company, alt…

Cable & Wireless developed from a network of nineteenth-century British telegraph enterprises. Sir John Pender established two cable companies in 1869, including the Falmouth, Malta, Gibraltar Telegraph Company and the British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company. Their purpose was to extend submarine cable routes between Britain and strategically important locations around the Mediterranean and the Indian subcontinent. In 1872, these companies were combined with the Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company to create the Eastern Telegraph Company. Pender became its first chairman. The Eastern Telegraph Company expanded by building and acquiring cable routes. It connected Britain with the empire and with commercial markets in the Caribbean, South America, Australasia and Asia. The network grew from several thousand miles at formation to more than 22,000 miles within roughly fifteen years. As the group absorbed additional operators, its corporate identity changed to reflect its wider geographic scope, eventually becoming the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies. Telegraph infrastructure became strategically important during the First World War. Government authorities controlled cable services leaving Britain, and submarine cables became military targets. British authorities, the Royal Navy and the General Post Office coordinated cable protection and wartime communications. The group benefited from the increased use of telegrams and from the disruption of German-controlled land routes, while enemy action damaged or disabled several cable links. The emergence of wireless radio created competitive and technological pressure. In 1928, the British Empire's overseas cable and wireless communications were consolidated under Imperial and International Communications Ltd. The company was renamed Cable and Wireless Limited in 1934. It created or supported subsidiaries in overseas territories, including an Indian company responsible for external communications. During the Second World War, the network again supported military operations. Cable routes were attacked, Electra House in London suffered bombing damage, and company personnel supplied communications equipment and technical support to Allied forces. Nationalisation followed the Labour government's post-war policy. In 1947, Cable and Wireless became state-owned. Its UK assets were transferred to the General Post Office, while the continuing company retained and operated overseas assets and services. The company was privatised during the early 1980s, with the government beginning its share sale in 1981. In 1982, its subsidiary Mercury Communications received a licence to compete with British Telecom, making Cable & Wireless an important participant in the liberalisation of the UK telecommunications market. The company subsequently diversified into cable television, long-distance voice, corporate data, internet access and international carrier services. It sold its UK consumer cable assets to NTL around 2000, while making acquisitions and investments in Europe, North America, Australia, Japan, Panama and other markets. Purchases included Digital Island, Exodus Communications, Energis and Thus, and the company built global IP and MPLS networks aimed at business customers. The scale of the group eventually led to a structural separation. In 2010, Cable & Wireless Communications was demerged from the parent, leaving the remainder as Cable & Wireless Worldwide. Vodafone acquired Cable & Wireless Worldwide in 2012 and completed integration in 2013. The international successor, Cable & Wireless Communications, later passed through ownership involving Liberty Global and Liberty Latin America. The original Cable & Wireless plc therefore belongs to the history of modern telecommunications rather than remaining an independent active company.

1. 2013Integration into Vodafone

   Cable & Wireless Worldwide was fully integrated into Vodafone, ending the independent operating life of the remaining Cable & Wireless business.

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2. 2012Vodafone agrees to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide

   Vodafone announced an agreement to purchase Cable & Wireless Worldwide.

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3. 2010The group is demerged

   Cable & Wireless Communications separated from the remaining Cable & Wireless business, which became Cable & Wireless Worldwide.

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4. 2008Thus is acquired

   The acquisition of Thus expanded Cable & Wireless's UK enterprise telecommunications operations.

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5. 2005Energis is acquired

   Cable & Wireless acquired Energis in a transaction that reshaped management and the UK business.

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6. 1999Global IP and MPLS expansion

   Cable & Wireless began building global IP and MPLS networks for corporate customers and acquired Japan's International Digital Communications.

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7. 1998Cable & Wireless acquires the MCI tier-one backbone

   Cable & Wireless USA acquired MCI's US tier-one backbone following the MCI-WorldCom merger.

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8. 1997Mercury becomes Cable & Wireless Communications

   Mercury was combined with several UK cable operators and renamed Cable & Wireless Communications.

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9. 1982Mercury is licensed as a British Telecom competitor

   Cable & Wireless subsidiary Mercury Communications received a licence to operate an alternative UK telecommunications network.

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10. 1981Privatisation begins

    The government sold the first half of its shareholding in Cable & Wireless.

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11. 1947Nationalisation

    The British government nationalised Cable and Wireless; UK assets were integrated into the General Post Office.

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12. 1934The company adopts the Cable and Wireless name

    Imperial and International Communications was renamed Cable and Wireless Limited.

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13. 1928Imperial and International Communications is created

    The British Empire's cable and wireless communications interests were consolidated into a single operating company.

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14. 1887Cable network exceeds 22,000 miles

    The expanding Eastern Telegraph group operated approximately 22,400 miles of cable.

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15. 1872Eastern Telegraph Company is formed

    Three telegraph companies were merged to create the Eastern Telegraph Company, with Pender as chairman.

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16. 1869Pender establishes early submarine telegraph companies

    Sir John Pender founded the Falmouth, Malta, Gibraltar Telegraph Company and the British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company, establishing the corporate lineage later associated with Cable & Wireless.

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Historically positioned as an international carrier and infrastructure-led telecommunications group, later combining enterprise networking with incumbent or former-monopoly telecommunications operations in selected overseas markets.

• Submarine telegraph and cable networksTelecommunications infrastructure1869

  The company's original business was the construction, operation and consolidation of submarine telegraph cable routes. These links connected Britain with the Mediterranean, India, the Caribbean, South America, Australasia and Asia, forming a communications infrastructure for government, military and commercial traffic.

• Mercury CommunicationsFixed-line telecommunications1982

  Mercury was Cable & Wireless's principal UK challenger operation after deregulation. It provided an alternative fixed-line network and voice services in competition with British Telecom, helping establish a second major telecommunications infrastructure in the United Kingdom.

• Cable television and consumer broadbandConsumer communications

  Cable & Wireless operated consumer cable assets in the United Kingdom, including telephone, internet and television services. These assets were sold to NTL around 2000 and were no longer part of the group's continuing UK portfolio.

• Global IP and MPLS servicesEnterprise networking1999

  From the late 1990s, Cable & Wireless developed global IP and multiprotocol label switching networks for multinational corporate customers. The offering supported international data transport, managed connectivity and enterprise communications across the company's network footprint.

• International carrier and overseas telecommunications servicesTelecom operator services

  The group operated or invested in fixed, mobile, data and carrier businesses in overseas markets, with particularly strong historical positions in Caribbean countries and British South Atlantic territories. These operations served consumers, governments, businesses and other telecommunications carriers.

• 2012Sale of Cable & Wireless Worldwide to VodafoneM&A

  After the 2010 demerger, the remaining UK business operated as Cable & Wireless Worldwide and became a potential strategic asset for a larger telecommunications group.

  What changed. Vodafone agreed to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide, completing the purchase in July 2012.

  Aftermath. The business was integrated into Vodafone in April 2013 and the Cable & Wireless operating company ceased to be independent.

  Agreed acquisition consideration. £1.04 billion (2012)

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• 2009Decision to separate international and UK businessesStrategy

  The board concluded that the international communications division and the UK-focused operations had distinct strategies and could potentially create more value as separate listed businesses.

  What changed. Cable & Wireless announced plans to demerge Cable & Wireless Communications from the remaining business, later named Cable & Wireless Worldwide.

  Aftermath. The separation was completed in March 2010 and ended the group's previous combined structure.

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• 2005Acquisition of EnergisM&A

  Cable & Wireless sought to strengthen its UK corporate telecommunications and network services position.

  What changed. Cable & Wireless acquired Energis and subsequently appointed Energis executive John Pluthero to lead the UK business.

  Aftermath. The transaction brought management and operational changes and became a significant step in the reorganisation of the UK business.

  Transaction value. £674 million (2005)

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• 2000Exit from UK consumer cable assetsStrategy

  Cable & Wireless was reassessing the balance between consumer cable operations and higher-value international and corporate telecommunications.

  What changed. The company sold its UK consumer telephone, internet and television assets to NTL.

  Aftermath. The disposal reduced the company's direct UK consumer exposure and supported a stronger focus on business and international communications.

  • NTL — NTL acquired and integrated the consumer cable assets into its expanding communications operation.
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• 1999Expansion into global IP and MPLS networkingStrategy

  Corporate communications were shifting from traditional voice and circuit-based services toward internet protocol networking and managed international data services.

  What changed. Cable & Wireless began building global IP and MPLS networks and positioned them for multinational corporate customers.

  Aftermath. The strategy supported the group's transition toward enterprise data and international network services, alongside acquisitions in the United States, Japan and Europe.

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• 1982Launch of Mercury as an alternative UK networkStrategy

  The liberalisation of British telecommunications created an opportunity to challenge British Telecom's domestic network monopoly.

  What changed. Cable & Wireless established and licensed Mercury Communications to operate an alternative fixed-line telecommunications network.

  Aftermath. Mercury became one of the most important early competitors to British Telecom and a foundation of Cable & Wireless's UK telecommunications strategy.

  • British Telecom — British Telecom faced a newly licensed network competitor in the UK fixed-line market.
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• 2002Investor litigation over alleged misleading statementsControversy

  Legal action was reported between Cable & Wireless and a group of investors alleging that the company had issued false or misleading statements that contributed to substantial investor losses.

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• 2013Cable & Wireless Worldwide is integrated into Vodafone

  Following completion of the acquisition, Cable & Wireless Worldwide was integrated into Vodafone and ceased operating as an independent company.

  M&A
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• 2012Vodafone agrees to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide

  Vodafone announced an agreement to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide, bringing the remaining business into the Vodafone group.

  M&A
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• 2012Vodafone agreed to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide

  Vodafone announced an agreement valued at approximately £1.04 billion to acquire the UK enterprise communications business.

  M&A
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• 2010Cable & Wireless Communications is demerged

  The former international division was separated and listed as Cable & Wireless Communications, while the parent company became Cable & Wireless Worldwide.

  M&A
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• 2010Cable & Wireless Communications was demerged

  The international division became a separately listed company, while the remaining UK business continued as Cable & Wireless Worldwide.

  M&A
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• 2009Cable & Wireless announces a two-way corporate separation

  The board announced plans to separate the international communications operations from the UK-focused business.

  Leadership change
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• 2009Cable & Wireless announced the separation of its international and UK businesses

  The board proposed splitting the group into Cable & Wireless Communications and Cable & Wireless Worldwide to give the businesses separate strategic and shareholder profiles.

  M&A
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• 2008Cable & Wireless completes the acquisition of Thus

  Thus plc was acquired and subsequently operated under the Cable & Wireless brand as an enterprise telecommunications business.

  M&A
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• 2008Cable & Wireless completed the acquisition of Thus plc

  Thus was incorporated into the group and subsequently marketed as a Cable & Wireless business.

  M&A
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• 2005Cable & Wireless acquires Energis

  The company acquired Energis in a transaction that materially reshaped its UK business and brought Energis executive John Pluthero into a leading management role.

  M&ALeadership change
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• 2005Cable & Wireless acquired Energis

  The acquisition expanded the company’s UK business communications platform and led to significant changes in senior management.

  M&ALeadership change
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• 2001Cable & Wireless sells its stake in Cable & Wireless Optus

  Cable & Wireless sold its 52.5 percent interest in Australian telecommunications company Cable & Wireless Optus to Singtel.

  M&A
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• 2001Cable & Wireless sold its stake in Cable & Wireless Optus to SingTel

  The company exited its Australian telecommunications investment through the sale of its majority stake to SingTel.

  M&A
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• 2000Cable & Wireless sells its UK consumer cable assets to NTL

  The company disposed of its UK cable television and related consumer assets to NTL, which integrated them into its expanding communications business.

  M&A
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• 2000Cable & Wireless sold its UK consumer cable assets to NTL

  The disposal shifted the group away from consumer telephone, Internet and television activities and toward international and enterprise communications.

  M&A
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• 1982Mercury receives a licence to compete with British Telecom

  Cable & Wireless subsidiary Mercury Communications received a licence to operate a competing UK telecommunications network.

  Regulation
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• 1982Mercury Communications received a licence to compete with British Telecom

  Cable & Wireless established a major alternative UK telecommunications network through its Mercury subsidiary.

  Regulation
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• 1981Cable & Wireless is privatised

  The British government sold the first half of its holding in Cable & Wireless as part of the privatisation of state-owned industries.

  Other
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• 1947Cable & Wireless was nationalised by the British government

  The company’s UK assets were transferred to the General Post Office, while Cable & Wireless continued under state ownership with overseas telecommunications responsibilities.

  RegulationOther
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1. Cable & Wireless plc