Robert Kanigher (June 18, 1915 – May 7, 2002)[3] was an American comic book writer and editor whose career spanned five decades.He was involved with the Wonder Woman franchise for over twenty years, taking over the scripting from creator William Moulton Marston.In addition, Kanigher spent many years in charge of National Periodical Publications's war titles and created the character Sgt. Rock.Kanigher scripted what is considered the first Silver Age comic book story, "Mystery of the Human Thunderbolt!", which introduced the Barry Allen version of the Flash in Showcase #4 (Oct. 1956).
Early life
Kanigher was born in New York City, the third of Ephraim and Rebecca (née Herman) Kanigher's three children. Kanigher's parents were Romanian Jewish immigrants.[4][5]
Kanigher started working part-time when 12 years old to help support his family. "My father was destroyed in the Great Depression". He quickly started working full-time. "I supported them in their own flat (without their asking me), paying for everything from chewing gum to (their) coffins, 28 years later".[6]
Career
Early work
Kanigher's career as a writer started early, with his short stories and poetry being published in magazines. He won The New York Times Collegiate Short Story Contest in 1932.In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Kanigher also wrote for radio, film, and authored several plays.[1]
In 1943 Kanigher wrote How to Make Money Writing, which included a section on comics, making it one of the earliest works on the subject.[7]
Comic books
The Golden Age
Kanigher's earliest comics work was in such titles as Fox Feature Syndicate's Blue Beetle[8] (where he created the Bouncer), MLJ/Archie Comics's Steel Sterling and The Web, and Fawcett ComicsCaptain Marvel Adventures.
Kanigher joined All-American Comics, a precursor of the future DC Comics, as a scripter in 1945, and was quickly promoted to editor.He wrote the "Justice Society of America" feature in All Star Comics, the "Hawkman" feature in Flash Comics, and Green Lantern.Kanigher edited Wonder Woman starting in 1948 [9] to issue #176 (May–June 1968).[10][11] A year after Wonder Woman creator William Moulton Marston died in 1947, Kanigher became the title's writer as well.Kanigher wrote "The Black Canary", a six-page Johnny Thunder story which introduced the Black Canary character in Flash Comics #86 (August 1947).This was also artist Carmine Infantino's first published work for DC.[12] Other new characters created by Kanigher during this time included Rose and Thorn[13] and the Harlequin.[14]
Starting in 1952, Kanigher began editing and writing the "big five" DC Comics' war titles: G.I. Combat, Our Army at War, Our Fighting Forces, All-American Men of War, and Star Spangled War Stories.[15][16] His creation of Sgt. Rock with Joe Kubert is considered one of his most memorable contributions to the medium.[7][17][18] Comics historian Bill Schelly noted that "Kanigher's scripts were built on well-orchestrated dramatic sequences, with the story's objects not war-time danger and violence, but the impact these events had on the men of Easy Company."[19]
The Silver Age
In 1956, DC editor Julius Schwartz assigned Kanigher and Infantino to the company's first attempt at reviving superheroes: an updated version of the Flash that would appear in issue #4 (Oct. 1956) of the try-out series Showcase.The eventual success of the new, science-fiction-oriented Flash heralded the wholesale return of superheroes, and the beginning of what fans and historians call the Silver Age of comics.[20]
Artist Ross Andru began a nine-year run on Wonder Woman, starting with issue #98 (May 1958), where he and Kanigher reinvented the character, introducing the Silver Age version and her supporting cast.[21][22]
Kanigher and Andru had several other notable collaborations. The "Gunner and Sarge" feature introduced in All-American Men of War #67 (March 1959) was one of the first
The Bronze Age
Reuniting with Andru, Kanigher co-created the "Rose & The Thorn" backup feature in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #105 (October 1970).[13][36] Kanigher wrote two stories for Marvel Comics: "Weep for a Lost Nightmare" in Iron Man #44 (Jan. 1972) and "Running for Love" in Our Love Story #19 (Oct. 1972).[37] Kanigher returned as writer-editor of the Wonder Woman title with issue #204 (Jan.–Feb. 1973)[10] and restored the character's powers and traditional costume.[38] In 1974, drawing on a classic novel, he introduced Rima the Jungle Girl to the DC Universe in her own title.
Tributes and awards
In 1985, DC Comics named Kanigher as one of the honorees in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.[42]
Streets and buildings have been named in his honor in several of DC Comics' fictional cities, including Central City[43] and Keystone City.[44] The hometown of Nate Banks in the comic book themed kids' series of novels, The Amazing Adventures of Nate Banks, is named Kanigher Falls.[45]
In 2014, Kanigher was posthumously recognized with the Bill Finger Award.[46]
Publications
Further reading
Snyder, Robin. "The Golden Gladiator Robert Kanigher," The Comics Journal #84 and #85 (1983).
9.Lepore, Jill (2015). The Secret History of Wonder Woman. Chapter 29, footnotes 4, 12; also: "The Wonder Woman comics that appeared... following Marston's death [up to 1948] were produced from story ideas ... left behind... most have since been credited to ... Kanighsr because... he took credit for them^
10.{{gcdb|type=editor|search= Robert+Kanigher|title= Robert Kanigher (editor)}}^
12.Daniel Wallace. DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle Dorling Kindersley, 2010^
13.McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 141 "The second feature uncovered the roots of Rose Forrest/Thorn's identity, as told by writer Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru."^
14.Jeff Rovin. The Encyclopedia of Supervillains Facts on File, 1987^
20.Irvine, Alex "1950s" in Dolan, p. 80 "The arrival of the second incarnation of the Flash in [Showcase] issue #4 is considered to be the official start of the Silver Age of comics."^
21.Irvine "1950s" in Dolan, p. 90 "Wonder Woman's origin story and character was given a Silver Age revamp, courtesy of writer Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru."^
23.Irvine "1950s" in Dolan, p. 93 "War comics had rarely featured recurring characters, but writer Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru changed that with the introduction of U.S. Marines Gunner MacKay and Sarge Clay in All-American Men of War #67."^
24.Irvine "1950s" in Dolan, p. 93 "In "The Rock of Easy Co.!" written by Robert Kanigher and Bob Haney, with art by Ross Andru, the reader was introduced to Sgt. Frank Rock of Easy Company."^
25.Irvine "1950s" in Dolan, p. 95 "In "The Three Waves of Doom", a story that filled The Brave and the Bold #25, writer Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru introduced the Suicide Squad, a band of World War II-era military misfits."^
26.McAvennie, Michael "1960s" in Dolan, p. 100 "What was most memorable about the initial installment of "The War that Time Forgot" by writer/editor Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru was that it was the first cross-genre story to blend war comics with science-fiction."^
27.McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 105 "Writer/editor Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru put a then-modern-day spin on robots with the exploits of comics' first "heavy metal" group, the Metal Men."^
28.Daniels, p. 136: "A comic book emergency gave birth to the Metal Men. Due to a slipup, nothing had been scheduled to fill issue 37 of Showcase (April 1962), and the fast-working Kanigher was recruited to create a new feature virtually overnight."^
29.Paul Levitz. 75 Years of DC Comics The Art of Modern Mythmaking Taschen, 2010^
30.McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 103: "G.I. Combat #87 saw Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart guide Lt. Jeb Stuart and the Haunted Tank on their first adventure by scribe Robert Kanigher and artist Russ Heath."^
31.Don Markstein. The Haunted Tank Don Markstein's Toonopedia, 2008^
32.McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 101: "Showcase #27 in August [1960] saw Dane Dorrance, Biff Bailey, Judy Walton, and Nicky Walton dive into underwater adventures as the Sea Devils, by writer Robert Kanigher and illustrator Russ Heath."^
33.McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 135: "Scribe Robert Kanigher and artist Russ Heath turned these self-described Losers - including "Navajo Ace" Johnny Cloud of the U.S. Army Air Force, Marines Gunner Mackey and Sarge Clay, and Captain William Storm, a PT boat commander with a prosthetic leg - into a fighting force that meshed as one."^
34.McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 118: "Poison Ivy first cropped up to plague Gotham City in issue #181 of Batman. Scripter Robert Kanigher and artist Sheldon Moldoff came up with a villain who would blossom into one of Batman's greatest foes"^
35.Tom Field. Secrets in the Shadows: The Art & Life of Gene Colan TwoMorrows Publishing, 2005^
36.Dewey Cassell. A Rose By Any Other Name ... Would Be Thorn Back Issue!, TwoMorrows Publishing, May 2013^
37.{{gcdb|type=credit|search= Robert+Kanigher|title= Robert Kanigher}}^
38.McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 154 "After nearly five years of Diana Prince's non-powered super-heroics, writer-editor Robert Kanigher and artist Don Heck restored Wonder Woman's. . .well, wonder."^
39.McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 171 "Writer Robert Kanigher's origin of the frayed hero was pieced together into moody, coarse segments by Joe Kubert and Nestor, Frank, and Quico Redondo."^
Kanigher also created other popular action series features, such as "Enemy Ace",[29] "The Losers", and The Unknown Soldier.He and artist Russ Heath created the "Haunted Tank" feature[30][31] and the Sea Devils series.[32] Several of Kanigher's characters were combined into a single feature titled "The Losers".Their first appearance as a group was with the Haunted Tank crew in G.I. Combat #138 (Oct.–Nov. 1969).[33] In the late 1950s and 1960s, Kanigher had a hand in creating many other characters, including the Viking Prince, Balloon Buster, and the Batman villain Poison Ivy.[34]
Among fellow comic creators, Kanigher was as well known for his unstable personality and violent temper as he was for his brilliance as a writer, and collaborators such as Gene Colan and John Romita Sr. have commented on the difficulty of working with him.[35] Romita recounted: "I worked on a series with Kanigher — he wrote two series for me in the romance dept. One about an airline stewardess, and one about a nurse. He used to compliment me whenever he'd see me in the bullpen. 'Like the stuff ... like the stuff ...' That was about the amount of conversation we had. Then one day we were in the elevator together, and he said, 'Like the stuff.' I, like an innocent fool ... I used to do some adjustments to his pages. If he had a heavy-copy panel, I might take a balloon from one panel and put it in the next. Just because I was distributing space. I was so stupid and naive, I said to him, 'It doesn't bother you, does it, that I sometimes switch some of the panels around and move some of the balloons from one panel to another?' He started to chew me out in the elevator! 'Who the hell do you think you are, changing my stuff? Where do you come off changing my stuff? You don't know anything about this business!'[35]"
Kanigher and Kubert created Ragman in the first issue (Aug.–Sept. 1976) of that character's short-lived ongoing series.[39]
Around 1977, Kanigher taught for a year at the Joe Kubert School of Cartoon and Graphic Art.[1]
Kanigher was still working for DC into the early 1980s, most notably on the Creature Commandos feature in Weird War Tales.When told the comic was being canceled, Kanigher wrote a one-page Creature Commandos story where the team of military superhumans and himself were rocketed off into space.[40][41] In 1986, he returned at Marvel to write Death is a Dutchman! in Savage Tales #7 (Oct. 1986).
