Parker Brothers (known as Parker outside of North America) was an American toy and game manufacturer which in 1991 became a brand of Hasbro. More than 1,800 games were published under the Parker Brothers name since 1883.[1] It remained family owned until bought in 1968, and branched into Nerf toys and media. Among its products were Monopoly, Clue (licensed from the British publisher and known as Cluedo outside of North America), Sorry!, Risk, Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation, Bop It, Scrabble (under a joint partnership with Milton Bradley in the United States and Canada), and Probe. In 2009, the trade name ceased use, with former products being marketed under the "Hasbro Gaming" label, with the logo shown on Monopoly games.
History
Parker Brothers was founded by George Swinnerton Parker.[2] Parker's philosophy deviated from the prevalent theme of board game design; he believed that games should be played for enjoyment and did not need to emphasize morals and values. He created his first game, Banking, in 1883 when he was 16.[3] Banking is a game in which players borrow money from the bank and try to generate wealth by guessing how well they could do. The game includes 160 cards which foretell their failure or success. The game was so popular among family and friends that his brother, Charles Parker, urged him to publish it. George approached two Boston publishers with the idea, but was unsuccessful. Not discouraged, he spent $40 to publish 500 sets of Banking.[3] He eventually sold all but twelve copies, making a profit of $100.
Parker founded his game company, initially called the George S. Parker Company, in his hometown of Salem, Massachusetts in 1883.[4] When George's brother Charles joined the business in 1888, the company's name was changed to its more familiar form. In 1898 a third brother, Edward H. Parker, joined the company. For many years, George designed most of the games himself, and wrote all the rules. Many games were based on important events of the day: Klondike was based on the Klondike Gold Rush, and War in Cuba was based on the impending Spanish–American War.[5]
The game industry was growing, and the company was becoming very profitable. In 1906, Parker Brothers published the game Rook and it became the best-selling game in the country.[5] During the Great Depression, a time when many companies went out of business, Parker Brothers released a new board game called Monopoly. Although the company had originally rejected the game in 1934, they decided to publish it the next year.[6] It was a success, and the company had difficulty keeping up with demand. The company continued to grow throughout the next several decades, producing games including Cluedo (released as Clue in North America), Risk, and Sorry![5]
Even after George Parker's death, the company remained family-owned until 1968 when General Mills purchased the company.[2] After this, Parker Brothers produced the first Nerf ball.[5] In the UK during the 1970s, Parker Brothers sold the rights of some games to the games division of Palitoy (also a General Mills company),[7] and produced a variety of releases such as Escape from Colditz.[8] In 1977, the company built its headquarters in Beverly, Massachusetts.[9]
In early 1983, Parker Brothers spent US$15 million establishing a book publishing branch;[10] their first titles featured the American Greetings franchises, Care Bears and Strawberry Shortcake.[10][11] The branch published twelve titles by February 1984; sales of these books totaled 3.5 million units.[12] Parker Brothers also operated a record label around the same time; one of its releases, Cabbage Patch Dreams, was based on Coleco's Cabbage Patch Kids and involved Tom and Stephen Chapin.[12]
In 1985, General Mills merged the company with their subsidiary Kenner; this new company, Kenner Parker Toys Inc., was acquired by Tonka in 1987.[13] In 1988, Parker Brothers struck a deal with Martindale/Gilden Productions to develop television game shows, such as Boggle.[14]
Tonka, including Parker Brothers, was bought in 1991 for about $516 million by Hasbro which also owned the Milton Bradley Company.[15] Following the acquisition, Parker Brothers continued to have its corporate offices in Beverly, but production of the games were moved to Milton Bradley's headquarters in East Longmeadow.[16] In 1998, Parker Brothers and Milton Bradley were consolidated at the new Hasbro Games campus (based in the former address of Parker Brothers' headquarters) to merge together and form Hasbro Games.[17] Milton Bradley and Parker Bros. subsequently turned into two separate brands of Hasbro before being retired in 2009 in favor of the Hasbro brand.
Puzzles
Parker Brothers marketed its first jigsaw puzzle in 1887. The most famous of their puzzle lines was the Pastime brand, which made hand-cut wooden puzzles from 1908 to 1958.[18] Parker also produced children's puzzles, as well as the Climax, Jig-A-Jig, Jig Wood, Jig-Saw Picture Puzzle, and Paramount lines. According to Jigsaw Puzzles: An Illustrated History and Price Guide, by Anne D. Williams, Parker Bros. closed the Pastime line in 1958 and their die-cut puzzles were phased out in the late 1970s.[19]
Video games
Parker Brothers had a reputation for quality family-oriented and licensed games.[20] The company released Merlin in 1978, and sold 700,000 units before Christmas and had a sales total of $100 million in 1979.[21]
Some games published
See also
- Milton Bradley
Further reading
- Don Kader, "Collecting Black Memorabilia", Collectors' Showcase (September/October 1982), 16.
External links
- The Game Makers, a book by Philip Orbanes, chronicles the history of Parker Brothers
- Parker Brothers on the History Channel
- The story of Parker's early games
- New York Historical Society owns many examples of Parker Bros. games, such as:
- The Good Old Game of Corner Grocery, 1887
- Chivalry: The Greatest Modern Board Game of Skill..
- Round the World Joe
References
- Parker Brothers Facebook, retrieved July 11, 2013^
- Kathy McCabe. For love of the games The Boston Globe, December 7, 2003, retrieved August 20, 2020^
- The History of Toys: Inventors: Parker Brothers history.com