Mitsubishi

World War II

During the Second World War, which was often advertised in government propaganda as a total war, Mitsubishi was a key player in the nation's wartime economy. Educated in England and having many business friends and partners in the Anglosphere, Koyata was opposed to fighting a war against the Allies. However, he famously stated in his speech on 10 December 1941 that once the country had decided to wage a war with the United States and the British Empire, each member of the company ought to serve the country in fulfilling its only goal, but the company should not forget what it owed to people in these countries.[14][15]

Arguably, one of the most tangible ways in which Mitsubishi was involved in the war was through its supply of ships, aircraft and other arms by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter, designed by Jiro Horikoshi was the primary fighter of the Imperial Navy.[16][17][18] Production of these equipments made Mitsubishi factories one of the main targets for Allied attacks, and in one factory the death toll among its workers amounted to 494 in just a week.[19] Mitsubishi Mining was involved in the forced labour of Allied prisoners of war and people from Japan's colonies and occupied territories such as parts of China. The company's Iizuka mine counted 19 deaths of Chinese labourers during the war.[20] In 2015, Mitsubishi Materials (formerly Mitsubishi Mining) compensated 3,765 Chinese labourers who were conscripted to the company during the war and apologised to ex-American prisoners of war.[21][22] Mitsubishi was involved in the opium trade in China during this period.[23]

Post-war era

Dissolution and reorganisation of the unified Mitsubishi

After the Second World War, under the Allied Occupation's policy to dissolve zaibatsu, the Mitsubishi conglomerate underwent significant restructuring. Until the Cold War made the Eastern Bloc more menacing than the possible revival of a strong Japan and Germany, the occupation forces’ initial aim, just like in Germany, was to weaken the Japanese economy so that the country could never wage war against them.[24] Under this policy, Mitsubishi as a group was dissolved.[25] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi Chemical were split into three separate entities.[26][27] On his deathbed, Koyata Iwasaki staunchly defended his actions, asserting that he had done his utmost for his country and had nothing to be ashamed of. Despite his resistance, he could not defy the tide of the times.[28] His cousin, Hisaya Iwasaki, president of Mitsubishi Partnership Company at the time, expressed his frustration with the situation, noting that the company had been stripped bare, leaving only his ancestral land in Tosa and a mausoleum in Tokyo. His main residence in Shitaya was requisitioned by the American military, and Hisaya had to temporarily rent rooms in his former house.[29]

Due to the zaibatsu dissolution, Mitsubishi Estate was split into two companies, Kanto Real Estate and Yowa Real Estate. Yowa Real Estate owned a significant portion of the land between the Imperial Palace and Tokyo Station, including the Marunouchi Building. In 1952, an incident occurred where two men, Kuniichiro Fujiami and Shomitsu Tajima, who were closely linked to infamous yakuza, attempted to take over Yowa Real Estate by becoming majority shareholders, as the market capitalisation of the company was significantly less than its real estate holdings. They greenmailed, and other Mitsubishi companies had to buy the shares from them at an unjustly high price. This incident accelerated Mitsubishi's reintegration.[24] In 1954, Mitsubishi Corporation was reformed, and the Mitsubishi Friday Club was established to foster camaraderie and information exchange among the chairpersons and presidents of major Mitsubishi companies. By 1964, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries also reemerged.[26] The Friday Club symbolised the formation of an equal group of companies, rather than the revival of the pre-war Mitsubishi zaibatsu with Mitsubishi Headquarters at the apex.[24]

Contemporary Mitsubishi Group

In 1970, Mitsubishi companies established the Mitsubishi Foundation to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the founding of the first Mitsubishi company. The companies also individually maintain charitable foundations. Mitsubishi pavilions have been highlights of expositions in Japan since EXPO'70 in Osaka in the 1970s to 1980s.

Business form

The Mitsubishi Group is made up of about 40 individual companies without a controlling parent company. Each of the Mitsubishi companies owns substantial (but usually not controlling) portions of the shares of the others.

Twenty-nine of the group companies participate in the Friday Conference (金曜会), a luncheon meeting of their most senior executives held on the second Friday of each month. The group began its tradition of monthly executive meetings in 1952, and over time the meetings became a venue for coordinating policy between the group companies. By the 1990s, this practice was criticized (particularly by non-Japanese investors) as a possible violation of antitrust law. Since 1993, the Friday Conference has officially been held as a social function, and not for the purpose of discussing or coordinating business strategy. Despite this, the Friday Conference has been a venue for informal cooperation and coordination between the group companies, most notably in bailing out Mitsubishi Motors during the mid-2000s.[30]

In addition to the Friday Conference, the group companies' heads of general affairs hold a meeting on the third Monday of each month, and the group companies' legal and IP departments hold a trademark policy coordination meeting on the first Friday of each month.[30]

The company briefly dabbled in television during the early 1990s, when it agreed a deal with Westinghouse Broadcasting International to become the Japanese distribution representative.[31]

Core members

Three of the group companies are informally known as the "Three Great Houses" (御三家) and hold a separate coordinating meeting prior to each Friday Conference:[30]

Ten other "major" group companies participate in the coordinating meeting on a rotating basis (with six of the ten companies participating in any given month):[30]

• MUFG Bank (flagship subsidiary of the MUFG)
• Mitsubishi Corporation
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

• AGC Inc.
• Kirin Company
• Meiji Yasuda Life
• Mitsubishi Chemical Group
• Mitsubishi Electric
• Mitsubishi Estate
• Mitsubishi Materials
• Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking Corporation (subsisidary of the MUFG)
• NYK Line (Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha)
• Tokio Marine Nichido

Other members

• ENEOS Holdings
• Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation
• Mitsubishi Logistics
• Mitsubishi Motors
• Mitsubishi Paper Mills
• Mitsubishi Research Institute
• Mitsubishi Steel Mfg. Co., Ltd.
• MSSC
• Mitsubishi UFJ Securities
• Nikon
• Mitsubishi UBE Cement

Related organizations

• Atami Yowado
• Chitose Kosan
• Dai Nippon Toryo
• The Dia Foundation for Research on Ageing Societies
• Diamond Family Club
• Kaitokaku
• Koiwai Noboku Kaisha
• LEOC Japan
• Marunouchi Yorozu
• Meiwa Corp.
• Mitsubishi Agricultural Machinery
• Mitsubishi C&C Research Association
• Mitsubishi Club
• Mitsubishi Corporate Name and Trademark Committee
• Mitsubishi Economic Research Institute
• Mitsubishi Electric Automation
• Mitsubishi Foundation
• Mitsubishi Kinyokai
• Mitsubishi Marketing Association
• Mitsubishi Motors North America
• Mitsubishi Public Affairs Committee
• The Mitsubishi Yowakai Foundation
• MT Insurance Service
• Nippon TCS Solution Center
• Seikadō Bunko Art Museum
• Shonan Country Club
• Sotsu Corporation
• Tōyō Bunko
• Seikei University
• All Mitsubishi Lions