Lucky Strike

Lucky Strike is an American brand of cigarettes owned by the British American Tobacco group. Individual cigarettes of the brand are often referred to colloquially as "Luckies".

Name

Lucky Strike was introduced as a brand of plug tobacco (chewing tobacco bound together with molasses) by an American firm R. A. Patterson in 1871 and evolved into a cigarette by the early 1900s.[1] The brand style name was inspired by the gold rushes of the era, and was intended to connote a top-quality blend.[2]

An urban legend claims that the name is a reference to cannabis in some cigarette packs.[3]

History

The brand was first introduced by R. A. Patterson of Richmond, Virginia, in 1871 as cut plug chewing tobacco and later as a cigarette. In 1905, the company was acquired by the American Tobacco Company.

In 1917, the brand debuted the slogan "It's Toasted" to promote the manufacturing method of toasting — rather than sun drying — the tobacco. In an attempt to counter this popular campaign, competitor Camel took a different approach, claiming that Camel was a "fresh cigarette never parched or toasted".[4]

Lucky Strike's association with radio programs began during the 1920s on NBC. By 1928, the bandleader and vaudeville producer B. A. Rolfe was performing on radio and recording as "B.A. Rolfe and his Lucky Strike Orchestra" for Edison Records. Aviatrix Amelia Earhart became the face of Lucky Strike cigarettes in 1928, claiming to have smoked Lucky Strikes on her flight from Canada to England.[5] The copy of an advertisement at that time said, "Lucky Strikes were the cigarettes carried on the 'Friendship' when she crossed the Atlantic. They were smoked continuously from Trepassey to Wales. I think nothing else helped so much to lessen the strain for all of us."[5]

In the late 1920s, the brand was sold as an avenue to thinness for women. One typical advertisement said, "Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet."[6] Sales went from 14 billion cigarettes in 1925 to 40 billion in 1930.[7]

In the early 1930s, Al Jolson was also paid to endorse the brand; he called Lucky Strike "The cigarette of the acting profession ... the good old flavor of Luckies is as sweet and soothing as the best 'Mammy' song ever written."[8] In 1935, the American Tobacco Company began to sponsor Your Hit Parade, featuring North Carolina tobacco auctioneer Lee Aubrey "Speed" Riggs (later, another tobacco auctioneer from Lexington, Kentucky, F. E. Boone, was added). The weekly radio show capitalized on the tobacco auction theme and each ended with the signature phrase "Sold, American".[9]

In 1934, Edward Bernays was asked to deal with women's apparent reluctance to buy Lucky Strikes because their green and red package clashed with standard female fashions. When Bernays suggested changing the package to a neutral color, George Washington Hill, head of the American Tobacco Company, refused, citing the money that he had already spent millions advertising the package. Bernays then endeavored to make green a fashionable color.[10] The centerpiece of his efforts was the Green Ball, a social event at the Waldorf Astoria, hosted by Narcissa Cox Vanderlip. The pretext for the ball and its unnamed underwriter was that all proceeds would go to charity. High society women would attend wearing green dresses. Manufacturers and clothing and accessories retailers were advised of the excitement growing around the color green. Intellectuals were enlisted to give highbrow talks on the theme of green.

The company's advertising campaign generally featured a theme that stressed the quality of the tobacco, claiming that the higher quality tobacco resulted in a cigarette with better flavor. This campaign included a series of advertisements using Hollywood actors as endorsers of Lucky Strike. For example, Douglas Fairbanks referenced its toasted tobacco as a distinguishing feature.[9]

In 1937–1938, American Tobacco paid $130,000 (US$3.2 million in 2019) to 16 Hollywood actors and actresses for their endorsement of Lucky Strike. The highest paid among the celebrities were Joan Crawford, Gary Cooper, Clark Gable, Myrna Loy, Robert Taylor, and Spencer Tracy, who were each paid $10,000 (roughly US$178,000 in 2019).[8][11]

"Luckies" were the cigarette of choice for famous smoker Bette Davis. Starting in the fall of 1944, Lucky Strike began sponsoring comedian Jack Benny's radio and television show, The Jack Benny Program, which was also introduced as The Lucky Strike Program.[12]

The Lucky Strike signature dark-green pack was changed to white in 1942 in a famous advertising campaign that used the slogan "Lucky Strike Green has gone to war." The company claimed the change was made because the copper used in the green coloring was needed for World War II,[13] though, in reality, American Tobacco used chromium for the green ink and copper for the gold-colored trim. Supply of each was limited and the substitute materials made the packaging look drab, but attributing the package update to the war effort helped Lucky Strike appear more patriotic.[14] Famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy was challenged by company president George Washington Hill to improve the existing green and red package with a $50,000 bet. Loewy changed the background from green to white, because market research suggested it had more appeal to female smokers while also cutting printing costs by eliminating the green dye. He also placed the Lucky Strike target logo on both sides of the package, a move that increased both visibility and sales. Hill paid off the bet.[15]

The message "L.S./M.F.T." ("Lucky Strike means fine tobacco") was introduced on the package in 1944.[16]

Lucky Strike was one of the brands included in the C-rations provided to American troops during World War II. Each C-ration of the time included nine cigarettes of varying brands, because military leaders believed tobacco was essential to the morale of soldiers. The other cigarette brands included in the C-rations were Camel, Chelsea, Chesterfield, Craven "A"-Brand, Old Gold, Philip Morris, Player's, Raleigh, and Wings.[17] The practice of including cigarettes in field rations continued through the Korean and Vietnam Wars, ending in 1976 with the growing evidence that linked smoking to various health problems.[18]

Sport sponsorship

From 1972 until the team's departure in 1975, Lucky Strike sponsored the Scuderia Scribante team, which was also known as "Neville Lederle" and "Lucky Strike Racing". The cars, driven by Neville Lederle and Dave Charlton, were some of the first to be sponsored by a major tobacco company after the Lotus Team was sponsored by Gold Leaf in 1968, and Marlboro started sponsoring British Racing Motors in 1972 and later McLaren in 1974.[22][23] The team mainly participated in the South African Grand Prix in Kyalami, but during the 1972 Formula One season, the team also participated in the French Grand Prix in Circuit de Charade, the British Grand Prix in Brands Hatch and the German Grand Prix at the old Nürburgring.[24][25] After the retirement of the team, it took over 20 years before Lucky Strike participated in Formula 1 again with the British American Racing team.

As a result of British American Tobacco (BAT) buying out American Tobacco Company in 1976, Lucky Strike came under control of BAT. The company acquired Formula 1's Tyrrell Racing team in 1997 and rebranded it as British American Racing the following year, sponsoring the team with its Lucky Strike and stablemate 555 brands. In the team's début season, they originally wanted to brand Jacques Villeneuve's car in the red and white Lucky Strike livery, while branding Ricardo Zonta's car with the blue colors of 555. However, the FIA blocked the move, and the team were forced to run two similar liveries. They opted to have the Lucky Strike livery on the left hand side of the car and the 555 livery on the right hand side, with a zip going up in the middle of the nose. From 2000 on, the team solely used Lucky Strike branding. The team was bought outright by partners Honda by 2006, though Lucky Strike continued to sponsor the team until the end of that year.[26][27] For races where tobacco branding was not allowed, the Lucky Strike logo was blocked out (from 1999 to 2004), replaced by "Run Free" on other parts of the car (in 1999), changed to "Look Alike" (from 2000 to 2003), to a barcode with Formula One car (in 2003–2004), to "Look Left", "Look Right", and "Don't Walk" (in 2004), and "Racing Revolution" (in 2005–2006).

Lucky Strike was also the prime sponsor of the Suzuki MotoGP team from the 1990 season until the 1997 season. American motorcycle racer Kevin Schwantz became the 1993 world champion riding the Lucky Strike-sponsored Suzuki RGV500, with riders including Doug Chandler, Alex Barros and Daryl Beattie taking various podiums and wins on the Lucky Strike Suzuki as well.[28][29][30][31][32]

In popular culture

Controversies

Cigarette camp

"Lucky Strike" was the name of one of a number of temporary U.S. Army tent cities known as Cigarette Camps situated around the French port of Le Havre following its capture in the wake of the Allied Normandy landings in mid-1944.[37]

See also

• Tobacco smoking
• Health effects of tobacco

External links

• Collection of mid-twentieth century advertising featuring Lucky Strike cigarettes from The TJS Labs Gallery of Graphic Design.
• "Lucky Strikes?" by Barbara Mikelson at snopes.com (June 12, 2006)