JD.com

Early years

The company was founded in 1998 as Jingdong, which was named after Liu Qiangdong's then girlfriend Gong Xiaojing and himself.[12]

In 2004, the company's B2C site went online as jdlaser.com.[13] The company began using the domain name 360buy.com,[13] and the name was changed to Jingdong Mall in 2007.[14]

In 2007, JD.com established an in-house logistics department in order to provide more reliable and timely delivery service to consumers.[15][16]

Since 2009, JD.com has set up a customer service center in Suqian, cumulatively investing over 30 billion RMB to build its self-operated customer service center. As a result, the company now operates the industry's largest customer service team.[17][18][19]

On 10 December 2010, JD's founder Liu Qiangdong announced through his Weibo account that every book sold on JD.com would be priced at 20 percent cheaper than its competitors.[20][21] On December 14, 2010, Dangdang also began to offer discounts to customers and stated that the company would invest 40 million Chinese yuan to give discounts to customers. As a result, JD.com launched the second promotion to sell books at a lower price than Dangdang[22] and announced that it would give coupons instead of reducing prices to protect the benefits of publishers.[23] In November 2011, JD.com provided its customers with a 10 percent discount on books, while Dangdang sent promotional messages to its users.[24] The sudden increase of orders not only caused network errors but also postponed transits of books.[25]

JD.com started the e-book selling business online on 20 February 2012, and provided customers with more than 80,000 electronic books.[26] On 17 April 2013, most of the e-books on Dangdang's website were free for users to download.[27] Consequently, Dangdang launched its flagship store on JD.com in 2023.[28]

In 2013, the company's domain name was changed to JD.com.[6][11]

Listing

In 2014, JD.com's Nasdaq IPO raised $1.8 billion USD, valuing the company at approximately $26 billion and making it the largest Chinese company to be listed only in the United States.[29]

In 2015, JD.com launched its Russian site aimed to expand its business globally.[30]

In November 2017, JD.com achieved a sales record of US$19.1 billion.[31] In February 2018, it released its spin-off JD Finance, raising $2.1 billion in a capital raise.[32]

In April 2020, the company confidentially filed for a second listing in Hong Kong[33] and began trading on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange for HK$239 in June 2020.[34]

In 2020, JD.com announced that would be investing $830 million in its JD Health unit, provided by private equity firm Hillhouse Capital.[35] In December 2020, JD Health's $3.5 billion IPO was Hong Kong's largest initial public offering of the year.[36]

In 2021, JD Logistics, the supply chain management and logistics delivery arm of JD.com, raised HK$24.6 billion ($3.2 billion USD) for its initial public offering, which was the second-largest IPO in 2021. Shares rose by 18% on its first day of trading.[37]

Recent years

In October 2023, JD.com began a 4-hour delivery service in Hong Kong.[38]

In September 2024, JD.com launched its global sales business in the United States, Japan, Singapore, and Malaysia.[39]

In July 2025, JD.com agreed to acquire German electronics retailer Ceconomy, parent of MediaMarkt and Saturn, for US$2.5 billion (€2.2 billion).[40] By November 2025, JD.com had successfully secured a majority stake of over 70% in the company.[41]

On September 13, 2025, JD.com was in advanced talks to acquire British catalogue retailer Argos from Sainsbury's,[42] but discussions ended a day later with Sainsbury's keeping Argos after JD.com communicated it would only engage on materially revised terms.[43]

In early 2026, JD.com's aggressive European retail expansion faced mixed regulatory responses. While the German government allowed the Ceconomy takeover to proceed without intervention, France formally blocked JD.com's attempted acquisition of the French electronics chain Fnac Darty in January 2026 to prevent it from becoming a direct sales channel for Chinese goods.[44] Furthermore, in March 2026, the Ceconomy acquisition encountered serious regulatory resistance in Austria under national investment control laws, prompting JD.com to resubmit its application with enhanced legal commitments regarding data protection and the preservation of local jobs.[45]

JD Retail

JD Retail, the company's retail infrastructure provider, offers products and services in five major sectors: home appliances & furnishings, digital products, supermarket, life services, automotive products and services, fashion & luxury goods – along with independent divisions, such as local retailing and enterprise services.[46]

JD Worldwide, its cross-border e-commerce platform, enables and supports international brands and merchants to sell directly to Chinese consumers without requiring an established presence in China.

JD.com opened its first chain of omnichannel supermarkets 7Fresh[47] in January 2018.[48]

In May 2024, JD NOW announced an on-demand rapid delivery time as fast as nine minutes for products from over 500,000 stores across 2,300 locations in China.[49]

In August 2024, JD.com expanded its apparel branch, JD Fashion, with an investment of RMB 1 billion ($141 million USD).[50] JD Fashion has partnered with Louis Vuitton, Dior, Bulgari, and Givenchy.[51]

JD Logistics

In 2016, JD.com started testing autonomous delivery services and building drone delivery airports, as well as operating driverless delivery by unveiling its first autonomous truck in 2017.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] In 2017, JD.com established JD Logistics (also known as JINGDONG Logistics) to provide smart supply chain and logistics services.[60]

JD Logistics plans to double its overseas warehouse space by 2025. It currently operates nearly 100 bonded, direct mail, and overseas warehouses spanning 10 million square feet.[61]

JD Health

JD Health provides digital health services and resources. It is the healthcare unit of JD.com.

In May 2019, JD.com announced the establishment of JD Health as a subsidiary for independent operations in the healthcare business.[62]

JD Technology

In 2021, the company announced that it had sold JD Cloud, its cloud computing services, to its financial technology unit, JD Digits, for a combined valuation of 15.7 billion yuan ($2.4 billion USD).[63]

In July 2023, JD.com unveiled its ChatRhino (or Yanxi, 言犀 in Chinese) large language model (LLM), tailored to serve various industries. By combining 70% generalized data with 30% native intelligent supply chain data, it offers targeted solutions for real industry challenges across sectors such as retail, logistics, finance, health, and city.[64]

Ochama

In January 2022, JD.com launched its Europe-based omnichannel retail brand, Ochama in the Netherlands. It operates automated warehouses in the Netherlands, Poland, and France. Ochama allows shoppers to either collect online orders from any of its designated pick-up points or have them delivered directly to their homes. Its delivery service has expanded to 24 countries across the continent, and it has also introduced 1-hour express delivery in Amsterdam.[65][66][67]

In August 2025, Ochama in the Netherlands was officially rebranded as Joybuy, as part of JD.com's broader European repositioning strategy.[68][69]

JINGDONG Industrials

JINGDONG Industrials is an industrial supply chain technology and service provider under JD.com. The company initially filed for an initial public offering in Hong Kong in March 2023 and refiled its second IPO application in October 2024 after its first attempt failed due to lackluster market conditions.[70]

JINGDONG Property

JINGDONG Property is the real estate development, leasing, management, and fund management subsidiary of JD.com.