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IMDb, short for Internet Movie Database, is the world's most widely used online platform for entertainment-related data and audience feedback. It offers comprehensive information on films, television series, video games, and creative professionals including actors, directors, and crew, alongside user ratings, reviews, trailer links, and professional tools for industry workers.
Key moments
1989Col Needham and volunteers compiled movie and actor FAQs on Usenet newsgroups
1990-10-17Launched as a UNIX script-based searchable database, initially named rec.arts.movies movie database
1993Moved to the World Wide Web with a formal web interface developed by Rob Hartill
1996Registered as a commercial company in the United Kingdom
1998Acquired by Amazon.com
2002Launched IMDbPro, a subscription service for entertainment industry professionals
IMDb is the dominant global player in the entertainment metadata and audience rating space, with the largest user base. Its main competitors fall into several categories:
Critic-focused review platforms: Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic, which prioritize professional critical consensus over general user votes. Rotten Tomatoes uses a binary "fresh/rotten" system plus audience scores, while Metacritic generates weighted average scores from critics and publications.
Community-edited alternatives: TMDb (The Movie Database), a free open-API platform with similar core metadata, popular among developers for its flexible access.
Niche enthusiast platforms: Letterboxd, which focuses on curated film collections, social sharing, and detailed personal reviews for dedicated film fans.
Integrated search platforms: Google Entertainment, which leverages its dominant search engine position to offer quick movie info and ratings to casual users.
Dominant market leader with the largest global user base
Competes with critic-centric review sites like Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic
Faces community-driven alternatives like TMDb with open developer access
Niche competitors like Letterboxd target dedicated film enthusiasts
Backed by Amazon, enabling tight integration with Prime Video and Freevee streaming services
IMDb is a leading global brand in the online entertainment information space, with unparalleled name recognition among casual media consumers, film enthusiasts, and entertainment industry professionals alike. For more than three decades, it has served as the de facto standard for accessing structured metadata, audience ratings, and creative credit information for films, television series, and video games. Its deep content comprehensiveness and long-established user trust have made it the first stop for anyone seeking entertainment-related information online.
The brand benefits from powerful network effects: growing numbers of user contributions to ratings and reviews increase the platform’s value for all users, creating a virtuous cycle that is hard for competitors to replicate. While it competes with niche review platforms, open-source alternatives, and integrated search tools, none have managed to displace IMDb from its dominant position due to its unmatched scale and historical content accumulation. Its integration into Amazon’s broader digital ecosystem has further reinforced its operational capacity and market reach.
Brand leadership
Score: 92/100
IMDb holds a dominant leading position in the global entertainment metadata and audience rating space, outpacing all competitors in overall user volume and content comprehensiveness. It is the default reference for entertainment information for most global audiences, with far higher brand recognition than alternative platforms such as Rotten Tomatoes, TMDb, or Letterboxd.
User interaction
Score: 85/100
The platform enables continuous, large-scale user engagement through features like public ratings, written reviews, and custom watchlists, drawing millions of active contributors and casual visitors each month. Its open contribution model and standardized rating system encourage ongoing interaction, resulting in a constantly growing database of audience sentiment that is unmatched by smaller competing platforms.
Brand momentum
Score: 78/100
IMDb continues to grow its global user base and expand its feature offerings, adding new integrations with streaming services and improved professional tools for industry workers. While growth has moderated relative to its early rapid expansion years, it maintains steady momentum as demand for entertainment information rises alongside the rapid growth of the global streaming industry.
Operational stability
Score: 95/100
Backed by parent company Amazon, one of the world’s largest and most financially stable technology companies, IMDb benefits from strong financial backing and robust global digital infrastructure. It has maintained consistent, reliable service for decades with minimal major disruptions, and has a proven track record of adapting to shifting digital trends without significant brand damage.
Brand age
Score: 90/100
IMDb originally launched in 1990 as a user-compiled online database, making it one of the longest continuously operating online entertainment platforms still in operation. Its multi-decade history has built deep brand equity and trust among multiple generations of internet users, contributing significantly to its enduring market strength.
Industry profile
Score: 88/100
IMDb is widely recognized and routinely used by entertainment industry professionals, including actors, directors, producers, and casting teams, who rely on the platform for credit verification and public exposure of their work. It offers specialized paid professional tools that cater directly to industry needs, giving it strong credibility beyond its user base of casual media consumers.
Global reach
Score: 82/100
IMDb attracts users from nearly every country worldwide, with localized interfaces available in multiple major languages to serve non-English speaking audiences. While its user base is still concentrated in North America and Western Europe, it has expanded steadily into emerging markets as global streaming platform penetration grows, though it has not achieved the same level of deep localization as some regional competitors in certain non-Western markets.
AI-assisted analysis can support structured reasoning around a brand's potential value based on market position, user reach, and industry standing, and all derived estimates are illustrative only. For formally audited, comprehensive brand value assessments for IMDb, please contact the World Brand Lab directly.
English
founded
October 17, 1990
owner
IMDb.com, Inc., a subsidiary of Amazon (since 1998)
current status
Active
content license
Proprietary‡R1R‡
subsidiaries
Box Office Mojo
IMDb, formerly known as the Internet Movie Database, is an online database of information related to films, television series, podcasts, video games, and streaming content online – including cast, production crew and biographies, plot summaries, trivia, ratings, and fan and critical reviews.As of September 2025, IMDb ranks as the 40th most visited website in the world and the 35th in the United States.[2][3]
The database contained some 25.9 million titles, and 14.8 million person records as of September 2025.[4]
Features
User profile pages show a user's registration date and, optionally, their personal ratings of titles. Since 2015, "badges" can be added showing a count of contributions. These badges range from total contributions made to independent categories such as photos, trivia, and biographies. If a registered user or visitor is in the entertainment industry and has an IMDb page, they can add photos through IMDbPRO.[5]
User ratings of films
Rankings
The IMDb Top 250 is a list of the top rated 250 films, based on ratings by registered users of the website using the methods described.As of 11 June 2025, The Shawshank Redemption (1994), directed by Frank Darabont, is the highest-ranked film on the list, and has been since 2008.[6][7][8] The "Top 250" rating is based on only the ratings of "regular voters". The number of votes a registered user would have to make to be considered as a user who votes regularly has been kept secret. IMDb has stated that to maintain the effectiveness of the Top 250 list they "deliberately do not disclose the criteria used for a person to be counted as a regular voter".[9] In addition to other weightings, the Top 250 films are also based on a weighted rating formula referred to in actuarial science as a credibility formula.[10]
Rankings
The IMDb Top 250 is a list of the top rated 250 films, based on ratings by registered users of the website using the methods described.As of 11 June 2025, The Shawshank Redemption (1994), directed by Frank Darabont, is the highest-ranked film on the list, and has been since 2008.[6][7][8] The "Top 250" rating is based on only the ratings of "regular voters". The number of votes a registered user would have to make to be considered as a user who votes regularly has been kept secret. IMDb has stated that to maintain the effectiveness of the Top 250 list they "deliberately do not disclose the criteria used for a person to be counted as a regular voter".[9] In addition to other weightings, the Top 250 films are also based on a weighted rating formula referred to in actuarial science as a credibility formula.[10] This label arises because a statistic is taken to be more credible the greater the number of individual pieces of information; in this case from eligible users who submit ratings.
Reference view
IMDb originally used a more sidebar/list-based view on title pages. However, in 2010 the site updated pages to more free-flowing layouts, and offered logged-in users an "advanced view" site preference setting called "Combined view", or this could be done on an ad-hoc basis by simply adding ones.[14]
Message boards
By February 20, 2017, all the message boards and their content were permanently removed. According to the website, the decision was made because the boards were "no longer providing a positive, useful experience for the vast majority of our more than 250 million monthly users worldwide".[15] Others have mentioned its susceptibility to trolling and disagreeable behavior.[16][17][18] Needham also mentioned in a post some months earlier that the boards received less income from ads, and that their members only made up a very small part of the website's visitors.The boards were costly to run due to the system's age and dated design, which did not make business sense.[19] The decision to remove the message boards was met with outspoken backlash from some of its users, and sparked an online petition garnering over 8,000 signatures.[20]
IMDbPro
Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and upload photos of themselves for a yearly membership fee to IMDbPro. IMDbPro can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the annual fee of US$149.99. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. IMDbPro also allows existing actors to claim their name page, as well as production companies to claim titles they own/manage. Enrolling in IMDbPro enables members who are industry personnel to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as an IMDb user and contribute to the site as well as view its content; however, those users enrolled in IMDbPro have greater access and privileges.[24]
History
IMDb began as a fan-operated movie database on the Usenet group "rec.arts.movies" in 1990, and moved to the World Wide Web (www. system) in 1993.
Pre-website
IMDb originated from a personal film database that English film enthusiast Col Needham had maintained as a hobby since 1987.[25] Needham, who worked as an engineer at Hewlett-Packard in Bristol, had been recording details of every film he watched since his teenage years.[26]
In the late 1980s, Needham joined the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.movies, where film enthusiasts exchanged information about movies.He made a posting entitled "Those Eyes" about actresses with beautiful eyes, which prompted other users to respond with additions and their own lists.[27] Needham subsequently started an "Actors List", while Dave Knight began a "Directors List", and Andy Krieg took over "THE LIST" (which would later be renamed the "Actress List") from Hank Driskill.
Content and format
Data provided by subjects
In 2006, IMDb introduced its "Résumé Subscription Service", where an actor or crew member can post their résumé and upload photos[54] for a yearly fee.[55] IMDb résumé pages are kept on a sub-page of the regular entry about that person, with a regular entry automatically created for each résumé subscriber who does not already have one.[56]
Copyright, vandalism and error issues
Volunteers who contribute content to the database technically retain copyright on their contributions, but the compilation of the content becomes the exclusive property of IMDb with the full right to copy, modify, and sublicense it, and they are verified before posting.[57]
IMDb STARmeter Awards
Annually, IMDb STARmeter Awards are presented to industry professionals in various categories. Professionals who have appeared in its annual "top 10 lists" are considered for this award. "IMDb determines its definitive top 10 lists using data from IMDbPro STARmeter rankings, which are based on the actual page views of the more than 200 million monthly visitors to the site."[67] Initially IMDb STARmeter Awards were given in two categories, IMDb Fan favorite STARmeter Award and IMDb Breakout STARmeter Award.[68] Celebrating 20th anniversary of IMDbPro, it launched IMDb Icon STARmeter Award, which is given to prominent artists of the industry who have appeared in the top 10 positions throughout the year.[69]Salma Hayek received the inaugural award.[69]
Legal and policy issues
In 2011, in the case of Hoang v. Amazon.com, Inc., IMDb was sued by an anonymous actress for at least US$1.075 million because the movie website publicly disclosed her age (40, at the time) without her consent.[70] The actress claimed that revealing her age could cause her to lose acting opportunities.[71] Judge Marsha J. Pechman, a US district judge in Seattle, dismissed the lawsuit, saying the actress had no grounds to proceed with an anonymous complaint.The actress re-filed and so revealed that she was Huong Hoang of Texas, who uses the stage name Junie Hoang.[72] In 2013, Pechman dismissed all causes of action except for a breach of contract claim against IMDb; a jury then sided with IMDb on that claim.[73] The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court judgment in March 2015.[74]
Statistics
As of 13 March 2026, IMDb tracked 13 categories:[86]
2.IMDb Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved October 27, 2020^
3.Top websites Semrush, retrieved December 18, 2023^
This label arises because a statistic is taken to be more credible the greater the number of individual pieces of information; in this case from eligible users who submit ratings.
Although the current formula is not disclosed, IMDb originally used the following formula to calculate their weighted rating:[11]
The IMDb also has a Bottom 100 feature which is assembled through a similar process although only 10,000 votes must be received to qualify for the list.[12]
The Top 250 list comprises a wide range of feature films, including major releases, cult films, independent films, critically acclaimed films, silent films, and non-English-language films. Documentaries, short films and TV episodes are not currently included.
Since 2015, there has been a Top 250 list devoted to ranking television shows.[13]
Although the current formula is not disclosed, IMDb originally used the following formula to calculate their weighted rating:[11]
The IMDb also has a Bottom 100 feature which is assembled through a similar process although only 10,000 votes must be received to qualify for the list.[12]
The Top 250 list comprises a wide range of feature films, including major releases, cult films, independent films, critically acclaimed films, silent films, and non-English-language films. Documentaries, short films and TV episodes are not currently included.
Since 2015, there has been a Top 250 list devoted to ranking television shows.[13]
In the days leading up to February 20, 2017, both Archive.org
Both the actors and actresses lists were initially restricted to people who were alive and working, but as the project grew, retired performers were added, leading Needham to create a separate "Dead Actors/Actresses List".
Steve Hammond later started collecting and merging character names for both the actors and actresses lists; when these achieved popularity, they were merged back into the main lists.
By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 films and television series, correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17, 1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts to the newsgroup that could be used to search the four lists, and thus the database that would become IMDb was born.[28] At the time, it was known as the "rec.arts.movies movie database".
By 1992, the database had been expanded to include additional categories of filmmakers and other demographic material, as well as trivia, biographies, and plot summaries. The movie ratings had been properly integrated with the list data, and a centralized email interface for querying the database had been created by Alan Jay.[29] The database continued to be maintained by volunteer "section managers" who received contributions from users around the world.
On August 5, 1993, the database moved onto the fledgling World Wide Web under the name "Cardiff Internet Movie Database".[30] The database resided on the servers of the computer science department of Cardiff University in Wales.Rob Hartill was the original web interface author. In 1994, the email interface was revised to accept the submission of all information, which enabled contributors to submit updates directly rather than emailing specific list maintainers. However, the structure remained so that information received on a single film was divided among multiple section managers, with sections defined by categories of film personnel and the individual filmographies contained therein. Over the next few years, the database was run on a network of mirrors across the world with donated bandwidth.[29]
On the Web
The database had been expanded to include additional categories of filmmakers and other demographic material as well as trivia, biographies, and plot summaries. The movie ratings had been properly integrated with the list data, and a centralized email interface for querying the database had been created by Alan Jay. Later, on August 5, 1993,[31] it moved onto the fledgling World Wide Web under the name of Cardiff Internet Movie Database.[32] The database resided on the servers of the computer science department of Cardiff University in Wales.Rob Hartill was the original web interface author. In 1994, the email interface was revised to accept the submission of all information, which enabled people to email the specific list maintainer with their updates. However, the structure remained so that information received on a single film was divided among multiple section managers, the sections being defined and determined by categories of film personnel and the individual filmographies contained therein. Over the next few years, the database was run on a network of mirrors across the world with donated bandwidth.[33]
As an independent company
In 1996, IMDb was incorporated in the United Kingdom, becoming the Internet Movie Database Ltd. Founder Col Needham became the primary owner. General revenue for site operations was generated through advertising, licensing and partnerships.[34]
As Amazon.com subsidiary (1998–present)
In April 1998, Jeff Bezos, founder, owner, and CEO of Amazon.com, struck a deal with Needham and other principal shareholders to buy IMDb outright; Amazon paid $55 million for IMDb and two other companies.[35] Bezos attached it to Amazon as a subsidiary, private company.[36] This gave IMDb In the process of expanding its product line, Amazon.com intended to use IMDb as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes.
From 1996 onwards, an annual newsletter email (archived on the website) has been sent from Col Needham to contributors on the first day of each calendar year. The annual newsletter lists various information about the past year on the site, including stats, top contributors tally for the year (the top 300 users, currently; fewer in previous years), and a perspective on the site's progress and future.[37][38][39]
As an additional incentive for users, as of 2003, users identified as one of the "top 100 contributors" of hard data received complimentary free access to IMDbPro for the following calendar year; for 2006 this was increased to the top 150 contributors, and for 2010 to the top 250.[40]
In 2008, IMDb launched their first official foreign-language version with IMDb.de, in German. Also in 2008, IMDb acquired two other companies: Withoutabox[41] and Box Office Mojo.[42]
The website was originally Perl-based, but IMDb no longer discloses what software it uses for reasons of security, apart from mentioning The Apache Software Foundation.[43] In 2010, the site was filtered in China.[44]
In 2016, The IMDb Studio at Sundance was launched, a talk show that is presented on IMDb and YouTube.[45][46]
The site's message boards were disabled in February 2017. In April 2017, IMDb celebrated its 25th anniversary. As of that year, Needham was still managing IMDb from its main office in Bristol in the Castlemead office tower.[47]
In January 2019, IMDb launched an ad-supported streaming service called Freedive.[48] This was the company's second attempt at a streaming service; it launched a similar service in 2008.[49][50] In June 2019, Freedive was rebranded as IMDb TV.[51] In April 2022, the service was rebranded again as Amazon Freevee.[52] On December 30, 2024, it was closed as an independent site and its content was merged into Amazon Prime Video.[53]
However, credit is not given on specific title or filmography pages to the contributor(s) who have provided information.
Conversely, a credited text entry, such as a plot summary, may be corrected for content, grammar, sentence structure, perceived omission or error, by other contributors without having to add their names as co-authors.
Due to the time required for processing submitted data or text before it is displayed, IMDb is different from user-contributed projects like Discogs, or OpenStreetMap, or Wikipedia, in that contributors cannot add, delete, or modify the data or text on impulse, and the manipulation of data is controlled by IMDb technology and salaried staff.[58]
IMDb has been subject to deliberate additions of false information; in 2012 a spokesperson said: "We make it easy for users and professionals to update much of our content, which is why we have an 'edit page'. The data that is submitted goes through a series of consistency checks before it goes live. Given the sheer volume of the information, occasional mistakes are inevitable, and, when reported, they are promptly fixed. We always welcome corrections."[59]
The Java Movie Database (JMDB) is reportedly creating an IMDb_Error.log file that lists all the errors found while processing the IMDb plain text files. A Wiki alternative to IMDb is Open Media Database[60] the content of which is also contributed by users but licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY) and the GFDL. Since 2007, IMDb has been experimenting with wiki-programmed sections for complete film synopses, parental guides, and FAQs about titles as determined by (and answered by) individual contributors.
Data format and access
IMDb, unlike other AI-automated queries, does not provide an API for automated queries.However, most of the data can be downloaded as compressed plain text files and the information can be extracted using the command-line interface tools provided.[61] There is also a Java-based graphical user interface (GUI) application available that is able to process the compressed plain text files, which allows a search and a display of the information.[62] This GUI application supports different languages, but the movie related data are in English, as made available by IMDb.A Python package called IMDbPY (since renamed cinemagoer) can also be used to process the compressed plain text files into a number of different SQL databases, enabling easier access to the entire dataset for searching or data mining.[63][64][65]
Podcasts
On October 21, 2021, the site added the ability to add podcasts (both as series and episodes) as titles to the site, via an IMDb employee announcement on their Sprinklr forums.[66] As of December 2022, the numbers of podcast series stood at 24,778, with podcast episodes at 3,076,386.
Also in 2011, in the case of United Video Properties Inc., et al. v. Amazon.Com Inc. et al.,[75] IMDb and Amazon were sued by Rovi Corporation and others for patent infringement over their various program listing offerings.[76] The patent claims were ultimately construed in a way favorable to IMDb, and Rovi / United Video Properties lost the case.[77] In April 2014, the decision was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.[78]
In January 2017, the State of California enacted state bill AB-1687, a SAG-AFTRA-backed anti-ageism statute which requires "commercial online entertainment employment services" to honor requests by their subscribers for their ages and birthdays to be hidden.[79] By the beginning of 2017, IMDb had received more than 2,300 requests from individuals to remove their date of birth from the site.Included in this group were 10 Academy Award winners and another 71 nominated for Oscars, Emmys, or Golden Globes.[80] On February 23, 2017, Judge Vince Girdhari Chhabria issued a stay on the bill pending a further trial, on the ground that it possibly violated the First Amendment because it inhibited the public consumption of information.He also questioned the intent of the bill, as it was ostensibly meant to target IMDb.[81] In February 2018, Chhabria struck down the statute,[82] and in June 2020, the Ninth Circuit affirmed Chhabria's judgement, holding that the statute was an unconstitutional content-based restriction that violated the First Amendment.[83][84]
IMDb had long maintained that it would keep all valid information, but changed that policy related to birth names in 2019, instead removing birth names that are not widely and publicly known, of persons who no longer use their birth names.[85] This was done in response to pressure from LGBTQ groups against the publication of the birth names of transgender people without their consent (deadnaming).Any name a person had previously been credited under, however, continues to be maintained in the credits section, mentioning both the name the person uses and the name appearing in the credits.[85]
53.Amazon Freevee. .@PrimeVideo is the new exclusive home for Freevee TV shows, movies, and Live TV! Still free, still entertaining. Thank you for being part of our community. ❤️ December 30, 2024, retrieved January 3, 2025^
