BrandWikiReturn

Hitachi Rail Italy

Hitachi Rail Italy S.p.A. is a multinational rolling stock manufacturer company based in Pistoia, Italy. Formerly AnsaldoBreda S.p.A., a subsidiary of state-owned Finmeccanica, the company was sold in 2015 to Hitachi Rail of Japan.[2] After the deal was finalized, the current name was adopted in November 2015 to reflect the new ownership.[3]

History

Early history: Ansaldo and Breda

Ansaldo

In 1853, the company Gio. Ansaldo & C. was registered in Genoa as a manufacturer of steam locomotives, rail rolling stock and steam engines. The company was backed by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, the powerful finance minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, who aimed to reduce its dependence on imported trains and rolling stock.[4] Ansaldo entered the age of the steam locomotive in 1854 with its model FS113, also known as Sampierdarena. During the First World War, Ansaldo became a large supplier of weapons to the Italian army; facing insurmountable difficulties with post-war reconversion to civilian industry, the company was eventually nationalised in 1921.[5] During the rest of the 1900s, the company diversified in different fields, especially power generation (Ansaldo Energia) and nuclear research, while the rolling stock activities were reunited under Ansaldo Trasporti.

Breda

In 1886, Ernesto Breda founded in Milan Società Italiana Ernesto Breda.[6] By 1908, Breda's thousandth locomotive was built.[6] Breda entered the electric locomotive era in 1936 with the production of the FS Class ETR 200 series electric multiple unit. In 1939 this type set the land speed record for rail vehicles[7] at 203 km/h.[8] Similarly to Ansaldo, also Breda became a main weapon supplier to the Fascist regime, especially of artillery and airplanes. After the Second World War the company was facing bankruptcy, and was eventually nationalised in 1947. During the Italian economic miracle of the 1950-60s, Breda produced a highly successful commuter train, the FS Class ETR 300, several classes of railcars and locomotives, and diversified into defense (OTO Melara) and, especially, buses. In the 1980s Breda participated in the consortium that designed the first Italian high-speed train, the FS Class ETR 500.

Ansaldo

In 1853, the company Gio. Ansaldo & C. was registered in Genoa as a manufacturer of steam locomotives, rail rolling stock and steam engines. The company was backed by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, the powerful finance minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, who aimed to reduce its dependence on imported trains and rolling stock.[4] Ansaldo entered the age of the steam locomotive in 1854 with its model FS113, also known as Sampierdarena. During the First World War, Ansaldo became a large supplier of weapons to the Italian army; facing insurmountable difficulties with post-war reconversion to civilian industry, the company was eventually nationalised in 1921.[5] During the rest of the 1900s, the company diversified in different fields, especially power generation (Ansaldo Energia) and nuclear research, while the rolling stock activities were reunited under Ansaldo Trasporti.

Breda

In 1886, Ernesto Breda founded in Milan Società Italiana Ernesto Breda.[6] By 1908, Breda's thousandth locomotive was built.[6] Breda entered the electric locomotive era in 1936 with the production of the FS Class ETR 200 series electric multiple unit. In 1939 this type set the land speed record for rail vehicles[7] at 203 km/h.[8] Similarly to Ansaldo, also Breda became a main weapon supplier to the Fascist regime, especially of artillery and airplanes. After the Second World War the company was facing bankruptcy, and was eventually nationalised in 1947. During the Italian economic miracle of the 1950-60s, Breda produced a highly successful commuter train, the FS Class ETR 300, several classes of railcars and locomotives, and diversified into defense (OTO Melara) and, especially, buses. In the 1980s Breda participated in the consortium that designed the first Italian high-speed train, the FS Class ETR 500.

Merger and crisis (2001–2015)

In a massive restructuring effort, in 2001 the Italian state merged all the rolling stock activities of the then loss-making Ansaldo and Breda in a new company, AnsaldoBreda,[9] that in turn became part of the Finmeccanica state-owned group.[10] The new company won a string of big contracts across Europe and the United States; however, lacking adequate funding and capacity,[11] AnsaldoBreda became infamous for its unreliable products and long delays, damaging the reputation of the company.

Controversies during the 2000s

In 1991, 100 4000 Series railcars from AnsaldoBreda were delivered to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. On 4 July 2010, after several incidents where the doors would open while the train was in motion, Metro removed the fleet for repairs until 20 July that year. On 17 November 2016 Metro discovered an error in which a 4000-series car would display an incorrect speed limit to a train operator while in manual mode (which is the only mode used since the June 2009 Washington Metro train collision). On 7 June 2017 Metro announced that the 4000-series cars would be fully retired and removed from service on 1 July 2017, and by that date all cars were taken out of service.[12]

Delivery of 83 IC4 AnsaldoBreda trainsets for the Danish State Railways DSB was originally planned for 2003–2006. However, the last train was delivered only in 2013 and IC4 trains have seen many technical problems during their service.[13][14][15][16] DSB announced in 2016 that the trains would be withdrawn from service from 2024.[17][18]

After winning a big contract for the Dutch-Belgium Fyra project in 2004, nine V250 train units were delivered to the Dutch partner NS over five years later than originally contracted. Soon after the trains went into service on the high-speed line between the Netherlands and Belgium, the V250 suffered a number of severe technical problems. The Fyra had a poor reputation for reliability. After a month of operations more than 5% of all trains were cancelled and less than 45% of them ran on schedule.[19] On 31 May 2013, the Belgium partner NMBS/SNCB announced that they would exit the Fyra project and cancel the contract with AnsaldoBreda.[20]

The City of Gothenburg in Sweden has ordered 40 one-directional Sirio trams which were to be put into service on the Gothenburg tram network during 2005 and onwards. The trams were delivered late and functioned poorly when put into traffic. Among reported problems were corrosion, excessive track damage caused by the trams, malfunctioning air conditioners inside the trams and poor ride quality. The City of Gothenburg therefore withheld a large part of the payment for a delivered tram until fully operational.[21][22][23][24]

The 32 two-directional trams delivered for the Oslo Tramway from 1999, called SL95, have met several difficulties with rust during snowy weather and the heavy weight necessitates much maintenance to streets and tracks, which make the trams expensive to operate.[25][26] They are also considered to create more noise than necessary. The replacement of the trams will start in 2020 and the last trams will be taken out of service in 2024.[27][28]

After 7 years on a 4-year project the region of Stockholm decided to cancel the contract on new signal system for the red metro line in Stockholm with Ansaldo on 1 billion SEK. The prepayment of hundreds of million SEK is currently up in arbitration court.[29]

The maintenance issues experienced by MBTA AnsaldoBreda Type 8 Vehicles delayed the retirement of the Boeing LRVs by several years. According to MBTA Chief Operating Officer Jeff Gonneville, they present a "maintenance challenge".[30] In October 2016, the Boston Globe reported that the MBTA Green Line had the most derailments in the nation due to the Type 8.[31]

The Italian high-speed trains program

In spite of its overall terminal crisis, AnsaldoBreda managed to successfully participate in the Italian high-speed trains program until the very end of its existence. The ETR 500, that entered service in 1993, was continuously upgraded and ran at a record speed of 362 km/h in the Monte Bibele tunnel between Florence and Bologna in 2009, setting a speed record for trains in a tunnel.[32] A new generation high-speed train, the Frecciarossa 1000, was developed in a consortium with Bombardier Transportation and entered service in 2015.[33][34] On 26 February 2016, a Frecciarossa 1000 reportedly attained a peak speed of 393.8 km/h while traversing the Torino-Milano high speed line.[35]

Controversies during the 2000s

In 1991, 100 4000 Series railcars from AnsaldoBreda were delivered to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. On 4 July 2010, after several incidents where the doors would open while the train was in motion, Metro removed the fleet for repairs until 20 July that year. On 17 November 2016 Metro discovered an error in which a 4000-series car would display an incorrect speed limit to a train operator while in manual mode (which is the only mode used since the June 2009 Washington Metro train collision). On 7 June 2017 Metro announced that the 4000-series cars would be fully retired and removed from service on 1 July 2017, and by that date all cars were taken out of service.[12]

Delivery of 83 IC4 AnsaldoBreda trainsets for the Danish State Railways DSB was originally planned for 2003–2006. However, the last train was delivered only in 2013 and IC4 trains have seen many technical problems during their service.[13][14][15][16] DSB announced in 2016 that the trains would be withdrawn from service from 2024.[17][18]

After winning a big contract for the Dutch-Belgium Fyra project in 2004, nine V250 train units were delivered to the Dutch partner NS over five years later than originally contracted. Soon after the trains went into service on the high-speed line between the Netherlands and Belgium, the V250 suffered a number of severe technical problems. The Fyra had a poor reputation for reliability. After a month of operations more than 5% of all trains were cancelled and less than 45% of them ran on schedule.[19] On 31 May 2013, the Belgium partner NMBS/SNCB announced that they would exit the Fyra project and cancel the contract with AnsaldoBreda.[20]

The City of Gothenburg in Sweden has ordered 40 one-directional Sirio trams which were to be put into service on the Gothenburg tram network during 2005 and onwards. The trams were delivered late and functioned poorly when put into traffic. Among reported problems were corrosion, excessive track damage caused by the trams, malfunctioning air conditioners inside the trams and poor ride quality. The City of Gothenburg therefore withheld a large part of the payment for a delivered tram until fully operational.[21][22][23][24]

The 32 two-directional trams delivered for the Oslo Tramway from 1999, called SL95, have met several difficulties with rust during snowy weather and the heavy weight necessitates much maintenance to streets and tracks, which make the trams expensive to operate.[25][26] They are also considered to create more noise than necessary. The replacement of the trams will start in 2020 and the last trams will be taken out of service in 2024.[27][28]

After 7 years on a 4-year project the region of Stockholm decided to cancel the contract on new signal system for the red metro line in Stockholm with Ansaldo on 1 billion SEK. The prepayment of hundreds of million SEK is currently up in arbitration court.[29]

The maintenance issues experienced by MBTA AnsaldoBreda Type 8 Vehicles delayed the retirement of the Boeing LRVs by several years. According to MBTA Chief Operating Officer Jeff Gonneville, they present a "maintenance challenge".[30] In October 2016, the Boston Globe reported that the MBTA Green Line had the most derailments in the nation due to the Type 8.[31]

The Italian high-speed trains program

In spite of its overall terminal crisis, AnsaldoBreda managed to successfully participate in the Italian high-speed trains program until the very end of its existence. The ETR 500, that entered service in 1993, was continuously upgraded and ran at a record speed of 362 km/h in the Monte Bibele tunnel between Florence and Bologna in 2009, setting a speed record for trains in a tunnel.[32] A new generation high-speed train, the Frecciarossa 1000, was developed in a consortium with Bombardier Transportation and entered service in 2015.[33][34] On 26 February 2016, a Frecciarossa 1000 reportedly attained a peak speed of 393.8 km/h while traversing the Torino-Milano high speed line.[35]

Hitachi Italy era (2015 to present)

Lacking the funds for a proper restructuring of its troubled subsidiary, Finmeccanica announced on 2 November 2015 the 'closing of transactions' covering the purchase of AnsaldoBreda by Hitachi, together with Finmeccanica's 40% stake in Ansaldo STS, for $2.2 billion.[36]

Under the agreements signed on 24 February 2015, following a dividend distribution announced on 6 March, the purchase price for Finmeccanica's stake in Ansaldo STS has been set at €9.50 per share, amounting to a total of €761m. The total net consideration to be paid for AnsaldoBreda as a going concern, including property assets, amounts to around €30m. As a part of the deal Finmeccanica would keep the responsibility for some residual contracts.[37]

Since being acquired by Hitachi, production of some British Rail Class 802 was shifted to Hitachi Rail Italy's Pistoia plant due to Hitachi Rail's Newton Aycliffe plant being at capacity.[38]

Products

DMU and EMU

  • Frecciarossa 1000
  • FS Class ALe 642
  • FS Class ETR 500
  • IC4
  • NSB Class 72
  • Rock
  • Treno ad alta frequentazione
  • Treno Servizio Regionale
  • V250

Metro

(All of these metros are being used in the Milan Metro network as of 2023.)

  • AnsaldoBreda Meneghino
  • AnsaldoBreda Leonardo
  • Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro

Tram and light rail

  • AnsaldoBreda P2550
  • AnsaldoBreda T-68/T-68A
  • AnsaldoBreda T-69
  • Breda LRV of the San Francisco Muni Metro
  • Sirio
  • SL95

Locomotives

  • FS Class E.402
  • FS Class E.403

Main operators

Brazil

  • Elettrotreno ETR 211 (Metrostar) for Fortaleza Metro running in the Linha Sul

China

  • Sirio for Zhuhai Tram

Denmark

  • Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro for Copenhagen Metro.
  • diesel multiple unit IC4 for DSB

Greece

  • Sirio for Athens Tram.
  • 33 Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro for Metro Thessaloniki.

Italy

  • high-speed ETR 500 for Trenitalia of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane.[39][40][41][42]
  • high-speed Frecciarossa 1000 for Trenitalia of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane.[43][44]
  • locomotive E.402
  • locomotive E.403
  • multiple unit Treno Servizio Regionale (TSR) for LeNORD.
  • multiple unit Treno ad alta frequentazione (TAF) for Ferrovie Nord Milano (FNM).
  • multiple unit Caravaggio for Trenitalia and FNM.
  • three-car articulated units ETR 211 Metrostar for Circumvesuviana. The Circumvesuviana operate a fleet of twenty-six "Metrostar".[45]
  • Meneghino for Milan Metro.[46][47]
  • Leonardo for Milan Metro.
  • Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro for Milan Metro and Brescia Metro.[48][49][50]
  • Sirio for Tramvie Elettriche Bergamasche of Bergamo.[51]
  • Sirio for Rete tranviaria di Firenze of Florence.[52][53]
  • Sirio for Naples tramway network of Naples and for Sassari metro-tramway.

Morocco

  • multiple unit TAF Z2M for ONCF. The ONCF operates a fleet of 24 trains.[54]

Norway

  • electric multiple unit NSB Class 72 for Norwegian State Railways. The NSB operates a fleet of 36 trains.[55]
  • multiple unit SL95 for Oslo Tramway. Sporveien Trikken operates a fleet of 32 low-floor, articulated trams.[56] Over the years, AnsaldoBreda has updated the equipment to meet the requirements and demands of the operator in Norway.[57][58]

Spain

  • multiple unit AnsaldoBreda series S7000 operates mainly on the Line 10 (Madrid Metro) Madrid Metro. The Madrid Metro operates a fleet of 37 trains.[59][60]
  • multiple unit AnsaldoBreda series S9000 for the Line 7 (Madrid Metro) Madrid Metro. The Madrid Metro operates a fleet of 53 trains.[61]

Sweden

  • Sirio trams for Gothenburg tram network of Gothenburg.[62][63][64]

Turkey

  • 38 Sirio trams for Kayseray (Kayseri Light Rail System).
  • Sirio for Samsun Tram.
  • AnsaldoBreda LRT (B96) for Ankaray

United Kingdom

  • Midland Metro formerly operated a fleet of 16 two carriage T69 trams in Birmingham.[65] The fleet was completely replaced after 14 years of service by CAF Urbos 3 trams in 2015.[66]
  • Manchester Metrolink commenced operations in 1992 using a passenger fleet of 26 T-68 trams, with a further 6 (slightly modified) versions supplied by 2000. The entire fleet was gradually replaced by july 2014.
  • Great Western Railway ordered 36 train sets of British Rail Class 802 which were produced in HRI's Pistoia facility.

United States

  • multiple unit Breda CQ312 class for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority operates a fleet of 100 cars, car numbers 601–702, built by Breda, 2001–2005.[67]
  • multiple unit AnsaldoBreda Type 8 LRV for the MBTA's Green Line in Boston. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority operates a fleet of 95 LRV cars,[68] alongside the MBTA's existing Kinki Sharyo type 7 cars. The Breda cars have been very difficult to maintain and are expected to be outlasted by their predecessors (built by Kinki Sharyo)
  • multiple unit AnsaldoBreda LRV for the Blue and Green lines of Cleveland. The RTA Rapid Transit operates a fleet of 48 LRV cars.[69]
  • multiple unit AnsaldoBreda P2550[70] for the Los Angeles Metro A Line. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a fleet of 50 LRV cars.
  • multiple unit AnsaldoBreda A650 Breda A650. The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a fleet of 72 vehicles on the B Line and D Line.
  • multiple unit AnsaldoBreda LRV2 and AnsaldoBreda LRV3 for the Muni Metro of San Francisco Municipal Railway.[71] The Muni Metro operated a fleet of 151 LRV cars.[71][72]
  • multiple units for the Washington Metro. The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority operates:
  • 1000-Series—300 units originally built by Rohr, Inc., 290 units were refurbished by Breda; retired in 2017
  • 2000-Series—76 units built, refurbished by Alstom 2002-2004, retired in 2024.
  • 3000-Series—290 units built, refurbished by Alstom 2004-2009.
  • 4000-Series—100 units built; retired in 2017[73]
  • 8000-Series-256 units currently on order, delivery starting in 2027[74][75]
  • 136 cars for Metrorail (Miami-Dade County) - assembled in Medley by HRI subsidiary Hitachi Rail USA
  • 78 cars for Baltimore Metro SubwayLink[76]-Also assembled in Miami by Hitachi Rail USA (production has since shifted to Hagerstown, MD)
  • 80 cars for Skyline in Honolulu, Hawaii

See also

Further reading

  • Giovanni Cornolò, Una leggenda che corre. Breve storia dell'elettrotreno e dei suoi primati. ETR.200 - ETR.220 - ETR 240, 2. ed., Salò, Editrice Trasporti su Rotaie, 1990, ISBN 88-85068-23-5
  • Stefano Garzaro, Angelo Nascimbene, FS-Italia. Elettrotreno ETR 400 "Pendolino", collana Monografie ferroviarie n. 6, Torino, Edizioni Elledi, 1982

External links

References

  1. Hitachi Rail USA opens Miami manufacturing facility www.hitachi.us, retrieved 20 February 2019^
  2. Hitachi agrees to buy Ansaldo STS and AnsaldoBreda Railway Gazette, 24 February 2015, retrieved 25 February 2015^
  3. Hitachi completes Ansaldo deal Railway Gazette, November 2, 2015, retrieved December 9, 2016^
  4. Cavour e la fondazione dell'Ansaldo - Lezioni di Storia - parte 3, Valerio Castronovo YouTube, November 29, 2010^
  5. Valerio Castronovo. Storia dell'Iri. 1.Dalle origini al dopoguerra;1933-1948 Laterza, 2012^
  6. BREDA, Ernesto in "Dizionario Biografico" retrieved 2016-11-07^
  7. "Forse nel tentativo di raggiungere il primato mondiale di velocità ferroviaria, che appena il mese prima un treno Diesel tedesco in prova aveva portato a 215 km/h, si pensò a una nuova corsa con un ETR.200. L'ingegner Mario Martinelli delle FS ricorda che 'poiché sembrava che la corsa dovesse essere ripetuta, fu prescelto l'ETR.214 per questo secondo exploit... poi l'idea della seconda corsa fu abbandonata: la guerra si avvicinava." Cf Cornolò, Una leggenda op. cit., p. 34.^
  8. Maurizio Panconesi, ''La direttissima degli Appennini. La linea Bologna-Prato e le sue ferrovie di servizio'', Cortona, Calosci, 2002, ISBN 88-7785-179-1, pp. 121-125.^
  9. Company. AnsaldoBreda. Retrieved on 2009-07-17.^
  10. Energy Transportation. Finmeccanica. Retrieved on 2009-07-17.^
  11. Finnmeccanica: Orsi, cessione dei settori no core. L'azienda non ha risorse per sviluppo nei trasporti 2 August 2012, retrieved 10 April 2021^
  12. Adam Tuss. Say Goodbye: Metro Retires Its Most Unreliable Trains NBC4 Washington, February 13, 2018, retrieved February 16, 2018^
  13. Havarikommissionen: Ingen aner, hvorfor IC4-bremserne svigter ing.dk, 19 June 2014, retrieved 10 October 2014^
  14. IC4-passengers evacuated due to smoke ing.dk, 24 June 2014, retrieved 10 October 2014^
  15. Researcher after new computer problem in IC4: This train is unfit for service ing.dk, 5 May 2014, retrieved 10 October 2014^
  16. IC4-report: Engines also affected by considerable failure ing.dk, retrieved 9 August 2017^
  17. Keith Barrow. Denmark to launch tender for electric train fleet retrieved 2018-02-01^
  18. Some Danish trains falling to pieces on the track cphpost.dk, The Copenhagen Post - Danish News in English, retrieved 2018-02-01^
  19. problematic start for fyra HLN, 2013-01-09, retrieved 2013-01-18^
  20. NMBS ontbindt contract met constructeur Fyra De Standaard, 2013-05-31, retrieved 2013-05-31^
  21. Göteborgs nya spårvagnar ett fiasko retrieved 2016-01-25^
  22. Göteborg exercises tram option retrieved 2016-01-25^
  23. 40 vagnar tas ur trafik på grund av rost retrieved 2013-02-12^
  24. Rostiga spårvagnar tar tre år att laga Göteborgsposten, 3 September 2014, retrieved 3 September 2014^
  25. NRK. Alle Italia-trikkene har rustskader NRK, retrieved 2018-01-07^
  26. Blir dette den nye Oslo-trikken? Aftenposten, retrieved 2018-01-07^
  27. NRK. Vil bytte ut alt NRK, retrieved 2018-01-07^
  28. Acando. Fremtidens byreise www.fremtidensbyreise.no, retrieved 2018-01-07^
  29. Region Stockholms skattebetalare riskerar miljardförlust Dagens Nyheter, 13 September 2021, retrieved 13 September 2021^
  30. State House News Service. MBTA considers complete replacement of Green Line fleet NewBostonPost, 2016-01-12, retrieved 2025-01-04^
  31. The Green Line had the most derailments in the nation last year The Boston Globe, retrieved 2025-01-03^
  32. Raggiunto in galleria il record mondiale di velocità di 362 km/h fsnews.it, February 2009, retrieved 2013-04-12^
  33. Frecciarossa 1000 in cifre (25-09-2012).^
  34. Il primo Frecciarossa 1000 sarà dedicato a Pietro Mennea - Notizie - FSNews retrieved 2013-06-05^
  35. Il Frecciarossa 1000 è ancora da record Ferrovie.it, 2016-02-26, retrieved 2019-06-01^
  36. Danilo Masoni, Valentina Za. Finmeccanica agrees sale of rail businesses to Hitachi for $2.2 billion Reuters, February 24, 2015, retrieved December 9, 2016^
  37. Hitachi agrees to buy Ansaldo STS and AnsaldoBreda (24 Feb 2015)^
  38. Great Western AT300 trainsets to be built in Italy www.railwaygazette.com, 22 December 2015, retrieved 17 February 2017^
  39. Nuovo record di velocità del treno italiano Etr 500 in Turchia: 303 km/h Il Sole 24 Ore, 2007-09-14, retrieved 2012-11-11^
  40. Nuovo record di velocità sulla linea AV Milano-Bologna FSNews, 2008-03-03, retrieved 2008-12-31^
  41. Record italiano di velocità Tutto Treno, April 2008, retrieved 2009-01-02^
  42. 200 giorni al primo treno Alta Velocità sulla Milano-Bologna FSNews, 2008-05-28, retrieved 2008-12-31^
  43. Marco Chiandoni. Trenitalia unveils ETR 1000 mock-up International Railway Journal, 30 August 2012, retrieved 27 December 2012^
  44. Trenitalia unveils Frecciarossa 1000 www.railwaygazette.com, 20 August 2012, retrieved 27 December 2012^
  45. Ecco "Metrostar", il nuovo treno della Circumvesuviana - Napoli la Repubblica.it retrieved 2013-06-10^
  46. Milan Metro Meneghino AnsaldoBreda, retrieved 19 October 2011^
  47. Metropolitana più comoda e sicura con il nuovo treno "Meneghino" Corriere della Sera, 20 March 2009, retrieved 19 October 2011^
  48. 500 million euro Italian metro deal International Railway Journal, April 2006, retrieved 17 November 2009^
  49. Copenhagen Metro Arcspace, retrieved 15 November 2009^
  50. AnsaldoBreda. Driverless metros retrieved 14 November 2009^
  51. Il tram Sirio, Progetto T1 14 February 2013, retrieved 3 November 2011^
  52. In quarantamila su Sirio Corriere Fiorentino, 14 February 2010, retrieved 3 November 2011^
  53. Tutti pazzi per Sirio Boom di viaggiatori in tram la Repubblica Firenze, 18 January 2011, retrieved 3 November 2011^
  54. Morocco's railway acquires 24 new EMU^
  55. Magne Johansen. Fiaskotrikker og suksesstog er fra samme fabrikk Oslo By (Aftenposten), 2 June 2013, retrieved 2 June 2013^
  56. SL 95 (PDF in Norwegian)^
  57. Blix, Håvard. SL95 Lokaltrafikk, 2001^
  58. Blix, Håvard. SL95 Lokaltrafikk, 2001^
  59. Ampliación del Metro de Madrid 1999-2003. Trenes Serie 7000 15 April 2013^
  60. Serie 7000^
  61. Serie 9000^
  62. Göteborgs stad häver avtal med Ansaldobreda Göteborgsposten, 2 Nov 2015, retrieved 5 November 2015^
  63. Göteborgs stad har tröttnat på Ansaldobreda Upphandling 24, 9 Sep 2015, retrieved 25 January 2016^
  64. Väl utförd upphandling av rostiga spårvagnar Upphandling 24, 14 Feb 2014, retrieved 25 January 2016^
  65. Boynton (2001), p.80.^
  66. Work on £40m Midland Metro tram fleet to start in weeks « Express & Star 7 November 2016, retrieved 2018-03-21^
  67. Hitachi Rail^
  68. Noah Bierman. T will take 10 new cars for its busy Green Line The Boston Globe, November 12, 2007, retrieved June 11, 2013^
  69. Rich Exner. Rebuild is anything but rapid RTA's first Breda-car renovations: over budget and behind schedule The Plain Dealer, June 3, 2005, retrieved 2007-06-11^
  70. Rail Division Capacity Assessment Report Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2008-06-19, retrieved 2016-11-07^
  71. 2010 SFMTA Transit Fleet Management Plan San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, retrieved 3 March 2013^
  72. Carl Nolte. Stylish New Streetcars Ready to Roll San Francisco Chronicle, Hearst Communications, Inc., December 10, 1996, retrieved February 14, 2009^
  73. Hitachi Rail retrieved 2013-06-11^
  74. 2000/3000 Series Rail Car Replacement WMATA, October 21, 2008, retrieved February 15, 2014^
  75. Metro begins 8000-series railcar procurement WMATA, retrieved June 8, 2020^
  76. MDOT MTA Wins Approval for $400.5 Million Purchase of Metro SubwayLink Railcars and Train Control System - Maryland Transit Administration mta.maryland.gov, retrieved 2017-07-28^