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Final Fantasy is a Japanese science fantasy media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi, owned and primarily developed by Square Enix (formerly Square). Centered mostly on fantasy and science fiction role-playing video games, the franchise has expanded into feature films, animation, print publications, and other media. It is one of the best-selling and most influential video game franchises of all time, known for innovative game design, memorable storytelling, and iconic music.
Key moments
1987The first numbered entry, the original *Final Fantasy*, launches for the Nintendo Entertainment System, saving Square from impending financial collapse and launching the franchise.
1997*Final Fantasy VII* releases for the PlayStation, introducing 3D graphics to the series and becoming the franchise's most internationally famous entry, helping popularize Japanese RPGs in Western markets.
2003Square merges with Enix to create Square Enix, the current owner and developer of the franchise.
2013*Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn* launches, a full rebuild of the poorly received original 2010 *Final Fantasy XIV* MMORPG, going on to become one of the most successful subscription-based MMORPGs in the world.
2024*Final Fantasy VII Rebirth*, the second installment of the *Final Fantasy VII* remake trilogy, releases for modern consoles.
Final Fantasy competes within the global role-playing game market against both major Japanese RPG franchises and Western AAA RPG series, holding a unique market position thanks to its long legacy and structural choices.
Against peers like the Dragon Quest franchise (another long-running Japanese RPG series), Final Fantasy generally targets a more globally oriented audience with more experimental gameplay and cutting-edge visual presentation for its era.
Unlike continuous-story franchises such as Persona or The Elder Scrolls, almost all main-numbered Final Fantasy entries are completely standalone, lowering the barrier of entry for new players who do not need to consume decades of prior content.
Its massively multiplayer entry *Final Fantasy XIV* competes directly with *World of Warcraft*, capturing a large segment of players looking for a story-driven, consistent MMORPG experience with regular content updates.
Square Enix has leveraged nostalgia for classic entries via high-budget remakes like the *Final Fantasy VII* remake project to maintain relevance with older fans while drawing in younger players who missed the original releases.
As a world-leading legacy media franchise originating from Japan, Final Fantasy is positioned as one of the most high-equity intellectual properties in the global interactive entertainment industry, following the World Brand Lab standard framework for evaluating long-running pop culture brands. Its core brand identity has been carefully curated over more than three decades, blending boundary-pushing game design, genre-defining narrative storytelling, and universally recognizable creative assets that extend far beyond video game platforms to reach mainstream global audiences.
Unlike many serial game franchises that rely on iterative incremental updates to existing formulas, Final Fantasy has built its unique brand moat by treating nearly every mainline entry as an entirely new creative project, with distinct fictional worlds, original character casts, and reimagined gameplay systems that avoid creative stagnation. This deliberate creative choice has helped the brand earn consistent critical acclaim and build cross-generational loyalty spanning four separate generations of game hardware users.
The franchise’s brand equity is further amplified by its iconic cross-media extensions, including globally celebrated soundtrack performances, animated feature films, licensed merchandise, and touring fan events, which reinforce its status as a cultural touchstone rather than just a line of consumer software. It occupies a one-of-a-kind market position that separates it from both competing Japanese RPG franchises and Western AAA role-playing game series in the highly competitive global interactive entertainment market.
Brand leadership in JRPG category
Score: 92/100
Final Fantasy holds undisputed top-tier leadership in the global Japanese role-playing game subcategory, regularly setting industry benchmarks for production values, narrative scope, and innovative combat design that competing franchise developers consistently reference and respond to. Mainline series launches routinely rank among the highest-selling new RPG releases in their respective release windows, outperforming most peer JRPG properties in global market share.
User and community interaction
Score: 87/100
The franchise maintains an exceptionally high level of active community engagement across all major global regions, with decades of accumulated fan-created content including lore analysis, fan art, cosplay, and community-run events. Official social media posts for franchise announcements regularly earn millions of organic interactions, while the long-running Final Fantasy XIV live service MMO retains one of the most engaged active player bases of any subscription game on the market.
Recent brand growth momentum
Score: 85/100
The 2020s have delivered extremely strong forward momentum for the Final Fantasy brand, driven by the runaway commercial and critical success of the Final Fantasy VII Remake trilogy, the widely praised 2023 mainline entry Final Fantasy XVI, and ongoing major content expansions for Final Fantasy XIV that continue to attract new subscriber cohorts at a consistent annual rate.
Long-term brand operation stability
Score: 88/100
Across nearly 40 years of continuous operation under the stewardship of Square Enix and its predecessor Square, the Final Fantasy franchise has avoided major reputational scandals or missteps that would erode core audience trust. Brand leadership has consistently balanced respect for long-time fan nostalgia with willingness to explore new creative directions and platform opportunities to keep the property relevant for new generations of players.
Brand legacy and operational age
Score: 94/100
First launched in 1987, Final Fantasy is one of the longest-running continuously supported major video game franchises in global history, with an extensive catalog of more than 100 individual releases spanning mainline entries, spin-off titles, remasters, and cross-media adaptations that span nearly four full decades of entertainment history.
Industry influence and professional recognition
Score: 93/100
Final Fantasy is universally recognized by game developers, media critics, and global entertainment industry institutions as one of the most influential franchises in the entire history of video games, widely credited with popularizing the JRPG genre in Western markets, pioneering 3D role-playing game design conventions, and proving that narrative-driven games could reach mass market mainstream commercial success.
Global brand market penetration
Score: 90/100
The franchise has built a deeply entrenched global footprint, with official localized releases in more than 12 languages, dedicated large active fan bases across North America, Europe, and East Asia, and more than 185 million cumulative total unit sales worldwide as of 2026, outperforming nearly all comparable Japanese RPG properties in non-Asian international markets.
This structured brand assessment uses AI-supported reasoning to frame brand strength and market positioning for reference purposes, and all illustrative metrics included in this entry are for informational use only, and do not represent formally audited brand value figures. Parties seeking fully verified, official audited brand value data and authoritative certified brand strength evaluation reports are advised to contact the World Brand Lab directly for dedicated professional services.
Various
Arcade
Android
BlackBerry OS
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Game Boy Advance
GameCube
iOS
Java ME
MSX
Nintendo Entertainment System
Nintendo DS
Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo Switch
Nintendo Switch 2
Ouya
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
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PlayStation 4
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PlayStation Portable
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Stadia
Super NES
Wii
Windows
Windows Phone
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spinoffs
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first release version
Final Fantasy
first release date
December 18, 1987
latest release version
Final Fantasy VII Remake Intergrade
latest release date
January 22, 2026
artist
Yoshitaka Amano
Koichi Ishii
Kazuko Shibuya
Yusuke Naora
Tetsuya Nomura
Shūkō Murase
Hiroshi Minagawa
Akihiko Yoshida
Roberto Ferrari
producer
Hironobu Sakaguchi
Shinji Hashimoto
Yoshinori Kitase
Tetsuya Nomura
Naoki Yoshida
Final Fantasy (ファイナルファンタジー) is a Japanese fantasy anthology media franchise created by Hironobu Sakaguchi which is owned, developed, and published by Square Enix (formerly Square).The franchise centers on a series of fantasy role-playing video games.The first game in the series was released in 1987, with 16 numbered main entries having been released to date.
The franchise has since branched into other video game genres such as tactical role-playing, action role-playing, massively multiplayer online role-playing, racing, third-person shooter, fighting, and rhythm, as well as branching into other media, including films, anime, manga, and novels.
Final Fantasy is mostly an anthology series with primary installments being standalone role-playing games, each with different settings, plots and main characters, but the franchise is linked by several recurring elements, including game mechanics and recurring character names. Each plot centers on a particular group of heroes who are battling a great evil, but also explores the characters' internal struggles and relationships. Character names are frequently derived from the history, languages, pop culture, and mythologies of cultures worldwide. The mechanics of each game involve similar battle systems and maps.
Final Fantasy has been both critically and commercially successful. Several entries are regarded as some of the greatest video games of all time, with the series selling more than 200 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling video game franchises of all time.The series is well known for its innovation, cutting-edge visuals such as the inclusion of full-motion videos and photorealistic character models, and music by the likes of Nobuo Uematsu.It has popularized many features now common in role-playing games, also popularizing the genre as a whole in markets outside Japan.
Media
Games
The first installment of the series was released in Japan on December 18, 1987. Successive games are numbered as volumes rather than sequels; subsequent games have stories unrelated to previous ones. Many Final Fantasy games have been localized for markets in North America, Europe, and Australia on numerous video game consoles, personal computers (PC), and mobile phones.As of June 2023, the series includes the main installments from Final Fantasy to Final Fantasy XVI, as well as direct sequels and spin-offs, both released and confirmed as being in development.Many of the early games have been remade or re-released on multiple platforms.[1]
Main series
Three Final Fantasy installments were released on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES).Final Fantasy was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1990.[2]
Common elements
Although most Final Fantasy installments are independent, many gameplay elements recur throughout the series.[90][91] Most games contain elements of fantasy and science fiction and feature recycled names often inspired from various cultures' history, languages and mythology, including Asian, European, and Middle-Eastern.Examples include weapon names like Excalibur and Masamune—derived from Arthurian legend and the Japanese swordsmith Masamune, respectively—as well as the spell names Holy, Meteor, and Ultima.[91] Beginning with Final Fantasy IV, the main series adopted its current logo style that features the same typeface and an emblem designed by Japanese artist Yoshitaka Amano. The emblem relates to a game's plot and typically portrays a character or object in the story. Subsequent remakes of the first three games have replaced the original logos with ones in the current style.[91]
Development and history
Origin
In the mid-1980s, Square entered the Japanese video game industry with simple RPGs, racing games, and platformers for Nintendo's Famicom Disk System.In 1987, Square designer Hironobu Sakaguchi chose to create a new fantasy role-playing game for the cartridge-based NES, and drew inspiration from popular fantasy games: Enix's Dragon Quest, Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda, and Origin Systems's Ultima series.Though often attributed to the company allegedly facing bankruptcy, Sakaguchi explained that the game was his personal last-ditch effort in the game industry and that its title, Final Fantasy, stemmed from his feelings at the time; had the game not sold well, he would have quit the business and gone back to college.[111][112][113]
Reception
Overall, the Final Fantasy series has been critically acclaimed and commercially successful, though each installment has seen different levels of success. The series has seen a steady increase in total sales; it sold 25 million units by 2000,[156] and reached 100 million units in 2011.[157] By March 2025, the series surpassed cumulative global physical and digital sales of 200 million units.[158][159]
Several games within the series have become best-selling games. At the end of 2007, the seventh, eighth, and ninth best-selling RPGs were Final Fantasy VII, VIII, and X respectively.[160] The original Final Fantasy VII has sold over 14.4 million copies worldwide,[161]
Legacy
Industry impact
Final Fantasy has been influential in the history of video games and game mechanics.Final Fantasy IV is considered a milestone for the genre, introducing a dramatic storyline with a strong emphasis on character development and personal relationships.[234] In 1992, Nintendo's Shigeru Miyamoto noted the impact of Final Fantasy on Japanese role-playing games, stating Final Fantasy's "interactive cinematic approach" with an emphasis on "presentation and graphics" was gradually becoming "the most common style" of Japanese RPG at the time.[235] Final Fantasy VII, the first of the series officially released in the PAL territories of Europe and Oceania, is credited with having the largest industry impact of the series,[236] and with allowing console role-playing games to gain global mass-market appeal.[237]
See also
Granblue Fantasy – a 2013 video game featuring key staff from Final Fantasy.
The Last Story – a 2012 video game featuring key staff from Final Fantasy.
Bravely Default – a 2012 spiritual successor to Final Fantasy released on the 3DS.
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) also featured three installments of the main series, all of which have been re-released on several platforms.Final Fantasy IV was released in 1991; in North America, it was released as Final Fantasy II.[7][8] It introduced the "Active Time Battle" system.[9]Final Fantasy V, released in 1992 in Japan, was the first game in the series to spawn a sequel: a short anime series, Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals.[3][10][11]Final Fantasy VI was released in Japan in 1994, titled Final Fantasy III in North America.[12]
The PlayStation console saw the release of three main Final Fantasy games.Final Fantasy VII (1997) moved away from the two-dimensional (2D) graphics used in the first six games to three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics; the game features polygonal characters on pre-rendered backgrounds.It also introduced a more modern setting, a style that was carried over to the next game.[3] It was also the second in the series to be released in Europe, with the first being Final Fantasy Mystic Quest.Final Fantasy VIII was published in 1999, and was the first to consistently use realistically proportioned characters and feature a vocal piece as its theme music.[3][13]Final Fantasy IX, released in 2000, returned to the series' roots, by revisiting a more traditional Final Fantasy setting, rather than the more modern worlds of VII and VIII.[3][14]
Three main installments, as well as one online game, were published for the PlayStation 2.[15][16][17]Final Fantasy X (2001) introduced full 3D areas and voice acting to the series, and was the first to spawn a sub-sequel (Final Fantasy X-2, published in 2003).[18][19] The first massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) in the series, Final Fantasy XI, was released on the PS2 and PC in 2002, and later on the Xbox 360.[20][21] It introduced real-time battles instead of random encounters.[21]Final Fantasy XII, published in 2006, also includes real-time battles in large, interconnected playfields.[22][23] The game is also the first in the main series to utilize a world used in a previous game, namely the land of Ivalice, which was previously featured in Final Fantasy Tactics and Vagrant Story.[24]
In 2009, Final Fantasy XIII was released in Japan, and in North America and Europe the following year, for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[25][26] It is the flagship installment of the Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy series[27] and became the first mainline game to spawn two sub-sequels (XIII-2 and Lightning Returns).[28] It was also the first game released in Chinese and high definition along with being released on two consoles at once.Final Fantasy XIV, a MMORPG, was released worldwide on Microsoft Windows in 2010, but it received heavy criticism when it was launched, prompting Square Enix to rerelease the game as Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn, this time to the PlayStation 3 as well, in 2013.[29]Final Fantasy XV is an action role-playing game that was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2016.[30][31] Originally a XIII spin-off titled Versus XIII, XV uses the mythos of the Fabula Nova Crystallis series, although in many other respects the game stands on its own and has since been distanced from the series by its developers.The sixteenth mainline entry, Final Fantasy XVI,[38] was released in 2023 for PlayStation 5.[39]
Remakes, sequels and spin-offs
Final Fantasy has spawned numerous spin-offs and metaseries. Several are, in fact, not Final Fantasy games, but were rebranded for North American release. Examples include the SaGa series, rebranded The Final Fantasy Legend, and its two sequels, Final Fantasy Legend II and III.[40]Final Fantasy Mystic Quest was specifically developed for a United States audience, and Final Fantasy Tactics is a tactical RPG that features many references and themes found in the series.[41][42]
The spin-off Chocobo series, Crystal Chronicles series, and Kingdom Hearts series also include multiple Final Fantasy elements.[40][43]Dissidia Final Fantasy was released in 2009, a fighting game that features heroes and villains from the first ten games of the main series.[44] It was followed by a prequel in 2011,[45] a sequel in 2015[46] and a mobile spin-off in 2017.[47][48]
In 2003, the Final Fantasy series' first sub-sequel, Final Fantasy X-2, was released.[49] Final Fantasy XIII was originally intended to stand on its own, but the team wanted to explore the world, characters and mythos more, resulting in the development and release of two sequels in 2011 and 2013 respectively, creating the series' first official trilogy.[28] Other spin-offs have taken the form of subseries—Compilation of Final Fantasy VII, Ivalice Alliance, and Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy.
In 2022, Square Enix released an action-role playing title Stranger of Paradise: Final Fantasy Origin developed in collaboration with Team Ninja, which takes place in an alternate, reimagined reality based on the setting of the original Final Fantasy game, depicting a prequel story that explores the origins of the antagonist Chaos and the emergence of the four Warriors of Light.[50][51] Enhanced 3D remakes of Final Fantasy III and IV were released in 2006 and 2007 respectively.[52][53] The first installment of the Final Fantasy VII Remake project was released on the PlayStation 4 in 2020.[54] The second and latest installment of the remake trilogy, Final Fantasy VII Rebirth, was released on the PlayStation 5 in 2024.[55]
Main series
Three Final Fantasy installments were released on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES).Final Fantasy was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1990.[2][3] It introduced many concepts to the console RPG genre, and has since been remade on several platforms.[3]Final Fantasy II, released in 1988 in Japan, has been bundled with Final Fantasy in several re-releases.[3][4][5] The last of the NES installments, Final Fantasy III, was released in Japan in 1990,[6] but was not released elsewhere until a Nintendo DS remake came out in 2006.[5]
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) also featured three installments of the main series, all of which have been re-released on several platforms.Final Fantasy IV was released in 1991; in North America, it was released as Final Fantasy II.[7][8] It introduced the "Active Time Battle" system.[9]Final Fantasy V, released in 1992 in Japan, was the first game in the series to spawn a sequel: a short anime series, Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals.[3][10][11]Final Fantasy VI was released in Japan in 1994, titled Final Fantasy III in North America.[12]
The PlayStation console saw the release of three main Final Fantasy games.Final Fantasy VII (1997) moved away from the two-dimensional (2D) graphics used in the first six games to three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics; the game features polygonal characters on pre-rendered backgrounds.It also introduced a more modern setting, a style that was carried over to the next game.[3] It was also the second in the series to be released in Europe, with the first being Final Fantasy Mystic Quest.Final Fantasy VIII was published in 1999, and was the first to consistently use realistically proportioned characters and feature a vocal piece as its theme music.[3][13]Final Fantasy IX, released in 2000, returned to the series' roots, by revisiting a more traditional Final Fantasy setting, rather than the more modern worlds of VII and VIII.[3][14]
Three main installments, as well as one online game, were published for the PlayStation 2.[15][16][17]Final Fantasy X (2001) introduced full 3D areas and voice acting to the series, and was the first to spawn a sub-sequel (Final Fantasy X-2, published in 2003).[18][19] The first massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) in the series, Final Fantasy XI, was released on the PS2 and PC in 2002, and later on the Xbox 360.[20][21]
In 2009, Final Fantasy XIII was released in Japan, and in North America and Europe the following year, for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[25][26] It is the flagship installment of the Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy series[27] and became the first mainline game to spawn two sub-sequels (XIII-2 and Lightning Returns).[28] It was also the first game released in Chinese and high definition along with being released on two consoles at once.Final Fantasy XIV, a MMORPG, was released worldwide on Microsoft Windows in 2010, but it received heavy criticism when it was launched, prompting Square Enix to rerelease the game as Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn, this time to the PlayStation 3 as well, in 2013.[29]Final Fantasy XV is an action role-playing game that was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2016.[30]
Remakes, sequels and spin-offs
Final Fantasy has spawned numerous spin-offs and metaseries. Several are, in fact, not Final Fantasy games, but were rebranded for North American release. Examples include the SaGa series, rebranded The Final Fantasy Legend, and its two sequels, Final Fantasy Legend II and III.[40]Final Fantasy Mystic Quest was specifically developed for a United States audience, and Final Fantasy Tactics is a tactical RPG that features many references and themes found in the series.[41][42]
The spin-off Chocobo series, Crystal Chronicles series, and Kingdom Hearts series also include multiple Final Fantasy elements.[40][43]Dissidia Final Fantasy was released in 2009, a fighting game that features heroes and villains from the first ten games of the main series.[44] It was followed by a prequel in 2011,[45] a sequel in 2015[46] and a mobile spin-off in 2017.[47][48]
In 2003, the Final Fantasy series' first sub-sequel, Final Fantasy X-2, was released.[49] Final Fantasy XIII was originally intended to stand on its own, but the team wanted to explore the world, characters and mythos more, resulting in the development and release of two sequels in 2011 and 2013 respectively, creating the series' first official trilogy.[28] Other spin-offs have taken the form of subseries—Compilation of Final Fantasy VII, Ivalice Alliance, and Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy.
In 2022, Square Enix released an action-role playing title Stranger of Paradise: Final Fantasy Origin developed in collaboration with Team Ninja, which takes place in an alternate, reimagined reality based on the setting of the original Final Fantasy game, depicting a prequel story that explores the origins of the antagonist Chaos and the emergence of the four Warriors of Light.[50][51] Enhanced 3D remakes of Final Fantasy III and IV were released in 2006 and 2007 respectively.[52][53] The first installment of the Final Fantasy VII Remake project was released on the PlayStation 4 in 2020.[54] The second and latest installment of the remake trilogy, Final Fantasy VII Rebirth, was released on the PlayStation 5 in 2024.[55]
Film and television
Square Enix has expanded the Final Fantasy series into various media. Multiple anime and computer-generated imagery (CGI) films have been produced that are based either on individual Final Fantasy games or on the series as a whole.The first was an original video animation (OVA), Final Fantasy: Legend of the Crystals, a sequel to Final Fantasy V. The story was set in the same world as the game, although 200 years in the future. It was released as four 30-minute episodes, first in Japan in 1994 and later in the United States by Urban Vision in 1998.In 2001, Square Pictures released its first feature film, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within.The film is set on a future Earth invaded by alien life forms.[56] The Spirits Within was the first animated feature to seriously attempt to portray photorealistic CGI humans, but was considered a box office bomb and garnered mixed reviews.[56][57][58]
A 25-episode anime television series, Final Fantasy: Unlimited, was released in 2001 based on the common elements of the franchise.[59] It was broadcast in Japan by TV Tokyo and released in North America by ADV Films.[59][60] In 2005, Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children, a feature length direct-to-DVD CGI film, and Last Order: Final Fantasy VII, a non-canon OVA,[61] were released as part of the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII.Advent Children was animated by Visual Works, which helped the company create CG sequences for the games.[62] The film, unlike The Spirits Within, became a commercial success.[63]
Two animated tie-ins for Final Fantasy XV were released as part of a larger multimedia project dubbed the Final Fantasy XV Universe.Brotherhood is a series of five 10-to-20-minute-long episodes developed by A-1 Pictures and Square Enix detailing the backstories of the main cast.Kingsglaive, a CGI film released prior to the game in Summer 2016, is set during the game's opening and follows new and secondary characters.[71][72][73][74] Square Enix released a short anime in 2019 called Final Fantasy XV: Episode Ardyn – Prologue on YouTube.[75] Produced by Satelight Inc, it provides insight into the antagonist's past and background story for Final Fantasy XV's final DLC.[75]
Square Enix released Final Fantasy XIV: Dad of Light in 2017, an 8-episode Japanese soap opera based, featuring a mix of live-action scenes and Final Fantasy XIV gameplay footage.[77]Sony Pictures Television was working on a live-action adaptation of the series in June 2019 with Hivemind and Square Enix.Jason Brown, Sean Daniel, and Dinesh Shamdasani from Hivemind were producing while Ben Lustig and Jake Thornton were attached as writers and executive producers.[78]
Other media
Several video games in the series have either been adapted into or have had spin-offs in the form of manga and novels.The first was the novelization of Final Fantasy II in 1989, which was followed by a manga adaptation of Final Fantasy III in 1992.[79][80] Later years have seen an increase in the number of non-video game adaptations and spin-offs.Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within has been adapted into a novel, the spin-off game Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles has been adapted into a manga, and Final Fantasy XI had a novel and manga set in its continuity.[81][82][83][84] Seven novellas based on the Final Fantasy VII universe have also been released.The Final Fantasy: Unlimited story was partially continued in novels and a manga after the anime series ended.[85] The Final Fantasy X and XIII series have also had novellas and audio dramas released.Final Fantasy Tactics Advance has been adapted into a radio drama, and Final Fantasy: Unlimited has received a radio drama sequel.
A trading card game named Final Fantasy Trading Card Game is produced by Square Enix and Hobby Japan, first released Japan in 2012 with an English version in 2016.[86] The game has been compared to Magic: the Gathering, and a tournament circuit for the game also takes place.[87][88][89]
Plot and themes
The central conflict in many Final Fantasy games focuses on a group of characters battling an evil, and sometimes ancient, antagonist that dominates the world. Stories frequently involve a sovereign state in rebellion, with the protagonists taking part in the rebellion.The heroes are often destined to defeat the evil and occasionally gather as a direct result of the antagonist's malicious actions.[3][92] Another series staple is the existence of two villains, with the main villain subservient to another character or entity that is introduced later.[3] The main antagonist introduced at the beginning of the game is not always the final enemy, and the characters must continue their quest beyond what appears to be the final fight.[92]
Stories in the series frequently emphasize the internal struggles, passions, and tragedies of the characters, and the main plot often recedes into the background as the focus shifts to their personal lives.[23][93] Games also explore relationships between characters, ranging from love to rivalry.[3] Recurring plot devices include amnesia, a hero corrupted by an evil force, mistaken identity, and self-sacrifice.[3][94] Magical orbs and crystals are recurring in-game items that are frequently connected to the themes of the games' plots.[92] Crystals often play a central role in the creation of the world, and a majority of the Final Fantasy games link crystals and orbs to the planet's life force.As such, control over these crystals drives the main conflict.[92][95] The classical elements are also a recurring theme in the series related to the heroes, villains, and items.[92] Other common plot and setting themes include the Gaia hypothesis, an apocalypse, and conflicts between advanced technology and nature.[92][96][97]
Characters
The series has a number of recurring character archetypes.Most famously, every game since Final Fantasy II, including remakes of the first Final Fantasy, features a character named Cid. While Cid's appearance, personality, goals, and role in the game vary (non-playable ally, party member, villain, etc.), many versions are either a scientist or engineer and are tied in some way to an airship the party eventually acquires. Biggs and Wedge, inspired by two Star Wars characters, appear in numerous games as minor characters, sometimes as comic relief.[23][91] The later games in the series feature several males with effeminate characteristics.[98][99]
Recurring creatures include Chocobos, Moogles, and Cactuars.[100] Chocobos are large, often flightless birds that appear in several installments as a means of long-distance travel for characters. Moogles are white, stout creatures resembling teddy bears with wings and a single antenna. They serve different roles in games including mail delivery, weaponsmiths, party members, and saving the game.Cactuars are anthropomorphic cacti with haniwa-like faces presented in a running or dashing pose.They usually appear as recurring enemy units, and also as summoned allies or friendly non-player characters in certain titles.Chocobo and Moogle appearances are often accompanied by specific musical themes that have been arranged differently for separate games.[3][23][91]
Gameplay
In Final Fantasy games, players command a party of characters as they progress through the game's story by exploring the game world and defeating enemies.[3][92] Enemies are typically encountered randomly through exploring, a trend which changed in Final Fantasy XI and XII. The player issues combat orders—like "Fight", "Magic", and "Item"—to individual characters via a menu-driven interface while engaging in battles. Throughout the series, the games have used different battle systems. Prior to Final Fantasy XI, battles were turn-based with the protagonists and antagonists on different sides of the battlefield. Final Fantasy IV introduced the "Active Time Battle" (ATB) system that augmented the turn-based nature with a perpetual time-keeping system. Designed by Hiroyuki Ito, it injected urgency and excitement into combat by requiring the player to act before an enemy attacks, and was used until Final Fantasy X, which implemented the "Conditional Turn-Based" (CTB) system.[3][23][101] This new system returned to the previous turn-based system, but added nuances to offer players more challenge.[19][102] Final Fantasy XI adopted a real-time battle system where characters continuously act depending on the issued command.[103] Final Fantasy XII continued this gameplay with the "Active Dimension Battle" system.[104] Final Fantasy XIII's combat system, designed by the same man who worked on X,[105] was meant to have an action-oriented feel, emulating the cinematic battles in Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children.[106] Final Fantasy XV introduces a new "Open Combat" system (OCS). Unlike previous battle systems in the franchise, it provides a more fluid battle scenario that allows free range attacks and movement. This system also incorporates a "Tactical" Option during battle, which pauses active battle to allow use of items.
Like most RPGs, the Final Fantasy installments use an experience level system for character advancement, in which experience points are accumulated by killing enemies.[107][108][109][110]Character classes, specific jobs that enable unique abilities for characters, are another recurring theme. Introduced in the first game, character classes have been used differently in each game. Some restrict a character to a single job to integrate it into the story, while other games feature dynamic job systems that allow the player to choose from multiple classes and switch throughout the game. Though used heavily in many games, such systems have become less prevalent in favor of characters that are more versatile; characters still match an archetype, but are able to learn skills outside their class.[23][91][92]
Magic is another common RPG element in the series.The method by which characters gain magic varies between installments, but is generally divided into classes organized by color: "White magic", which focuses on spells that assist teammates; "Black magic", which focuses on harming enemies; "Red magic", which is a combination of white and black magic, "Blue magic", which mimics enemy attacks; and "Green magic" which focuses on applying status effects to either allies or enemies.[3][91][101] Other types of magic frequently appear such as "Time magic", focusing on the themes of time, space, and gravity; and "Summoning magic", which evokes legendary creatures to aid in battle and is a feature that has persisted since Final Fantasy III.Summoned creatures are often referred to by names like "Espers" or "Eidolons" and have been inspired by mythologies from Arabic, Hindu, Norse, and Greek cultures.[91][92]
Different means of transportation have appeared through the series. The most common is the airship for long range travel, accompanied by chocobos for travelling short distances, but others include sea and land vessels. Following Final Fantasy VII, more modern and futuristic vehicle designs have been included.[92]
Despite his explanation, publications have also attributed the name to the company's hopes that the project would solve its financial troubles.
In 2015, Sakaguchi explained the name's origin: the team wanted a title that would abbreviate to "FF", which would sound good in Japanese.
The name was originally going to be Fighting Fantasy, but due to concerns over trademark conflicts with the roleplaying gamebook series of the same name, they needed to settle for something else.
As the English word "Final" was well known in Japan, Sakaguchi settled on that.
According to Sakaguchi, any title that created the "FF" abbreviation would have done.[115]
The game indeed reversed Square's lagging fortunes, and it became the company's flagship franchise.[57][112] Following the success, Square immediately developed a second installment. Because Sakaguchi assumed Final Fantasy would be a stand-alone game, its story was not designed to be expanded by a sequel. The developers instead chose to carry over only thematic similarities from its predecessor, while some of the gameplay elements, such as the character advancement system, were overhauled.This approach has continued throughout the series; each major Final Fantasy game features a new setting, a new cast of characters, and an upgraded battle system.[5] Video game writer John Harris attributed the concept of reworking the game system of each installment to Nihon Falcom's Dragon Slayer series,[116] with which Square was previously involved as a publisher.[117] The company regularly released new games in the main series, but the time between the releases of XI (2002), XII (2006), and XIII (2009) were much longer than previous games. Following Final Fantasy XIV (2010), Square Enix aimed to release Final Fantasy games either annually or biennially. This switch was to mimic the development cycles of Western games in the Call of Duty, Assassin's Creed and Battlefield series, as well as maintain fan-interest.[118] Final Fantasy XIV was later relaunched in 2013 with Final Fantasy XV following in 2016 and Final Fantasy XVI in 2023.[119]
Design
For the original Final Fantasy, Sakaguchi required a larger production team than Square's previous games. He began crafting the game's story while experimenting with gameplay ideas. Once the gameplay system and game world size were established, Sakaguchi integrated his story ideas into the available resources. A different approach has been taken for subsequent games; the story is completed first and the game built around it.[120] Designers have never been restricted by consistency, though most feel each game should have a minimum number of common elements. The development teams strive to create completely new worlds for each game, and avoid making new games too similar to previous ones. Game locations are conceptualized early in development and design details like building parts are fleshed out as a base for entire structures.[90]
The first five games were directed by Sakaguchi, who also provided the original concepts.[92][121] He drew inspiration for game elements from anime films by Hayao Miyazaki; series staples like the airships and chocobos are inspired by elements in Castle in the Sky and Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, respectively.[122] Sakaguchi served as a producer for subsequent games until he left Square in 2001.[92][121]Yoshinori Kitase took over directing the games until Final Fantasy VIII,[123][124][125] and has been followed by a new director for each new game.Hiroyuki Ito designed several gameplay systems, including Final Fantasy Vs "Job System", Final Fantasy VIIIs "Junction System" and the Active Time Battle concept, which was used from Final Fantasy IV until IX.[92][123] In designing the Active Time Battle system, Ito drew inspiration from Formula One racing; he thought it would be interesting if character types had different speeds after watching race cars pass each other.[126] Ito also co-directed Final Fantasy VI with Kitase.[92][123]Kenji Terada was the scenario writer for the first three games; Kitase took over as scenario writer for Final Fantasy V through VII.Kazushige Nojima became the series' primary scenario writer from Final Fantasy VII until his resignation in October 2003; he has since formed his own company, Stellavista. Nojima partially or completely wrote the stories for Final Fantasy VII, VIII, X, and its sequel X-2. He also worked as the scenario writer for the spin-off series, Kingdom Hearts.[127]Daisuke Watanabe co-wrote the scenarios for Final Fantasy X and XII, and was the main writer for the XIII games.[128][129][130]
Artistic design, including conceptual artworks and monster creations, was handled by Japanese artist Yoshitaka Amano from Final Fantasy through Final Fantasy VI. Amano also handled title logo designs for all of the main series and the image illustrations from Final Fantasy VII onward.[121] Koichi Ishii, who served as a graphic designer, created the character designs from Final Fantasy I to III while Kazuko Shibuya was responsible for adapting both the characters and monsters designs into pixel art.[131][132] Shibuya went on to become the main pixel artist throughout the series while also doing the character designs for IV, V and most of the cast of VI. Tetsuya Nomura was chosen to replace Amano because Nomura's designs were more adaptable to 3D graphics.He worked with the series from Final Fantasy VII through X, then came back for XIII, and for the basic design of XV.[92][121] For Final Fantasy IX character designs were handled by Shukō Murase, Toshiyuki Itahana, and Shin Nagasawa.[133] For Final Fantasy XV, Roberto Ferrari was responsible for the character design.
Graphics and technology
Because of graphical limitations, the first games on the NES feature small sprite representations of the leading party members on the main world screen. Battle screens use more detailed, full versions of characters in a side-view perspective. This practice was used until Final Fantasy VI, which uses detailed versions for both screens. The NES sprites are 26 pixels high and use a color palette of 4 colors.6 frames of animation are used to depict different character statuses like "healthy" and "fatigued". The SNES installments use updated graphics and effects, as well as higher quality audio than in previous games, but are otherwise similar to their predecessors in basic design. The SNES sprites are 2 pixels shorter, but have larger palettes and feature more animation frames: 11 colors and 40 frames respectively. The upgrade allowed designers to have characters be more detailed in appearance and express more emotions. The first game includes non-player characters (NPCs) the player could interact with, but they are mostly static in-game objects.Beginning with the second game, Square used predetermined pathways for NPCs to create more dynamic scenes that include comedy and drama.[137]
In 1995, Square showed an interactive SGI technical demonstration of Final Fantasy VI for the then next generation of consoles.The demonstration used Silicon Graphics's prototype Nintendo 64 workstations to create 3D graphics.[137][138] Fans believed the demo was of a new Final Fantasy game for the Nintendo 64 console.1997 saw the release of Final Fantasy VII for the Sony PlayStation.[138][139] The switch was due to a dispute with Nintendo over its use of expensive cartridge media with that access data quickly, as opposed to the compact discs, which are slower but less costly and have a higher storage capacity, used on rival systems.[140] VII introduced 3D graphics with fully pre-rendered backgrounds.[141] It was because of this switch to 3D that a CD-ROM format was chosen over a cartridge format.[142] The switch also led to increased production costs and a greater subdivision of the creative staff for VII and subsequent 3D games in the series.[90]
Starting with Final Fantasy VIII, the series adopted a more photo-realistic look.[143][144] Like VII, full motion video (FMV) sequences would have video playing in the background, with the polygonal characters composited on top.Final Fantasy IX returned to the more stylized design of earlier games in the series, although it still maintained, and in many cases slightly upgraded, most of the graphical techniques used in the previous two games.[144] Final Fantasy X was released on the PlayStation 2, and used the more powerful hardware to render graphics in real-time instead of using pre-rendered material to obtain a more dynamic look; the game features full 3D environments, rather than having 3D character models move about pre-rendered backgrounds.It is also the first Final Fantasy game to feature voice acting, occurring throughout the majority of the game, even with many minor characters.[19] This aspect added a whole new dimension of depth to the character's reactions, emotions, and development.[19][145]
Taking a temporary divergence, Final Fantasy XI used the PlayStation 2's online capabilities as an MMORPG.[146] Initially released for the PlayStation 2 with a PC port arriving six months later, XI was also released on the Xbox 360 nearly four years after its original release in Japan.[147] This was the first Final Fantasy game to use a free rotating camera.Final Fantasy XII was released in 2006 for the PlayStation 2 and uses only half as many polygons as Final Fantasy X, in exchange for more advanced textures and lighting.[148][149] It also retains the freely rotating camera from XI.Final Fantasy XIII and XIV both make use of Crystal Tools, a middleware engine developed by Square Enix.[150][151]
Music
Final Fantasy games feature a variety of music and frequently reuse themes. Most games open with a piece called "Prelude", which has evolved from a simple, 2-voice arpeggio in the early games to a complex, melodic arrangement in later installments.[23][91][113] Victories in combat are often accompanied by a victory fanfare, a theme that has become one of the most recognized pieces of music in the series. The basic theme that accompanies Chocobo appearances has been rearranged in a different musical style for most installments. Recurring secret bosses such as Gilgamesh are also used as opportunities to revive their musical themes.
A theme known as the "Final Fantasy Main Theme" or "March", originally featured in the first game, often accompanies the ending credits.[91] Although leitmotifs are common in the more character-driven installments, theme music is typically reserved for main characters and recurring plot elements.[57]
Nobuo Uematsu was the primary composer of the Final Fantasy series until his resignation from Square Enix in November 2004.[57] Other notable composers who have worked on main entries in the series include Masashi Hamauzu, Hitoshi Sakimoto,[152][153] and Yoko Shimomura. Uematsu was allowed to create much of the music with little direction from the production staff. Sakaguchi, however, would request pieces to fit specific game scenes including battles and exploring different areas of the game world.[154] Once a game's major scenarios were completed, Uematsu would begin writing the music based on the story, characters, and accompanying artwork. He started with a game's main theme, and developed other pieces to match its style. In creating character themes, Uematsu read the game's scenario to determine the characters' personality. He would also ask the scenario writer for more details to scenes he was unsure about.[155] Technical limitations were prevalent in earlier games; Sakaguchi would sometimes instruct Uematsu to only use specific notes.[154]
Within two days of Final Fantasy VIII's North American release on September 9, 1999, it became the top-selling video game in the United States, a position it held for more than three weeks.
The series has received critical acclaim for the quality of its visuals and soundtracks.[57] In 1996, Next Generation staff ranked the series collectively as the 17th best game of all time, speaking very highly of its audiovisuals and stories.[173] Two years later, they listed the Final Fantasy series number 16 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that "by pairing state-of-the-art technology with memorable, sometimes shamelessly melodramatic storylines, the series has successfully outlasted its competitors [...] and improved with each new installation".[174] It was awarded a star on the Walk of Game in 2006, making it the first franchise to win a star on the event (other winners were individual games, not franchises).WalkOfGame.com commented that the series has sought perfection as well as having been a risk taker in innovation.[175] In 2006, GameFAQs held a contest for the best video game series ever, with Final Fantasy finishing as the runner-up to The Legend of Zelda.[176] In a 2008 public poll held by The Game Group plc, Final Fantasy was voted the best game series, with five games appearing in their "Greatest Games of All Time" list.[177] As of 2025, the Final Fantasy series has won 10 awards at The Game Awards, more than for any other video game franchise.[178][179]
Many Final Fantasy games have been included in various lists of top games. Several games have been listed on multiple IGN "Top Games" lists.[180][181][182][183][184][185] Twelve games were listed on Famitsu 2006 "Top 100 Favorite Games of All Time", four of which were in the top ten, with Final Fantasy X and VII coming first and second, respectively.[186] The series holds seven Guinness World Records in the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008, which include the "Most Games in an RPG Series" (13 main games, seven enhanced games, and 32 spin-off games), the "Longest Development Period" (the production of Final Fantasy XII took five years), and the "Fastest-Selling Console RPG in a Single Day" (Final Fantasy X).[160][187] The 2009 edition listed two games from the series among the top 50 consoles games: Final Fantasy XII at number 8 and VII at number 20.[188] In 2018, Final Fantasy VII was inducted as a member of the World Video Game Hall of Fame.[189]
However, the series has garnered criticism. IGN has commented that the menu system used by the games is a major detractor for many and is a "significant reason why they haven't touched the series".[23] The editors has heavily criticized the use of random encounters in the series' battle systems.[190][191] IGN further stated that the various attempts to bring the series into film and animation have either been unsuccessful, unremarkable, or did not live up to the standards of the games.[11] In 2007, Edge criticized the series for a number of related games that include the phrase "Final Fantasy" in their titles, which are considered inferior to previous games.It also commented that with the departure of Hironobu Sakaguchi, the series might be in danger of growing stale.[57]
Several individual Final Fantasy games have garnered extra attention; some for their positive reception and others for their negative reception. Final Fantasy VII topped GamePro's "26 Best RPGs of All Time" list,[192] as well as GameFAQs' "Best Game Ever" audience polls in 2004 and 2005.[193][194] Despite the success of VII, it is sometimes criticized as being overrated.In 2003, GameSpy listed it as the seventh most overrated game of all time, while IGN presented views from both sides.[195][196]Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII shipped 392,000 units in its first week of release, but received review scores that were much lower than that of other Final Fantasy games.[197][198][199] A delayed, negative review after the Japanese release of Dirge of Cerberus from Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu hinted at a controversy between the magazine and Square Enix.[200] Though Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within was praised for its visuals, the plot was criticized and the film was considered a box office bomb.[56][57][58][201] Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles for the GameCube received overall positive review scores, but reviews stated that the use of Game Boy Advances as controllers was a big detractor.[139][202] The predominantly negative reception of the original version of Final Fantasy XIV caused then-president Yoichi Wada to issue an official apology during a Tokyo press conference, stating that the brand had been "greatly damaged" by the game's reception.[203]
Rankings and aggregators
Numerous video game publications have created rankings of the mainline Final Fantasy games. The main titles have always appeared in top lists of games. In the table below, the lower the number given, the better the game is in the view of the respective publication. By way of comparison, the ratings provided by Famitsu magazine and the review aggregator Metacritic are also given; in these rows, higher numbers indicate better reviews.Note that Metacritic ratings up until Final Fantasy VII largely represent retrospective reviews from online websites years after their initial release, rather than contemporary reviews from video game magazines at the time of their initial release.
VII is considered to be one of the most important and influential video games in the series.
The series affected Square's business on several levels. The commercial failure of Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within resulted in hesitation and delays from Enix during merger discussions with Square.[58][113] Square's decision to produce games exclusively for the Sony PlayStation—a move followed by Enix's decision with the Dragon Quest series—severed their relationship with Nintendo.[3][139] Final Fantasy games were absent from Nintendo consoles, specifically the Nintendo 64, for seven years.[120][236] Critics attribute the switch of strong third-party games like the Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest games to Sony's PlayStation, and away from the Nintendo 64, as one of the reasons behind PlayStation being the more successful of the two consoles.[3][139][142] The release of the Nintendo GameCube, which used optical disc media, in 2001 caught the attention of Square.To produce games for the system, Square created the shell companyThe Game Designers Studio and released Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles, which spawned its own series within the franchise.[40] Final Fantasy XI's lack of an online method to cancel subscriptions led to the creation of legislation in the US state Illinois that requires internet gaming services to provide such a method to the state's residents.Guinness World Records recognized the game as the first RPG to prompt a change in State law.[242]
The series has inspired numerous game developers. Fable creator Peter Molyneux considers Final Fantasy VII to be the RPG that "defined the genre" for him.[243]BioWare founder Greg Zeschuk described Final Fantasy VII as "the first really emotionally engaging game" he played and said it had "a big impact" on BioWare's work.[244]The Witcher 3 senior environmental artist Jonas Mattsson cited Final Fantasy as "a huge influence" and said it was "the first RPG" he played through.[245]Mass Effect art director Derek Watts cited Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within as a major influence on the visual design and art direction of the series.[246] BioWare senior product manager David Silverman cited Final Fantasy XII's gambit system as an influence on the gameplay of Dragon Age: Origins.[247]Ubisoft Toronto creative director Maxime Beland cited the original Final Fantasy as a major influence on him.[244]Media Molecule's Constantin Jupp credited Final Fantasy VII with getting him into game design.[244]Tim Schafer also cited Final Fantasy VII as one of his favourite games.[244]
Cultural impact
The series' popularity has resulted in its appearance and reference in numerous facets of popular culture like anime, TV series, and webcomics.[248][249][250] Music from the series has permeated different areas of culture.Final Fantasy IV's "Theme of Love" was integrated into the curriculum of Japanese school children and has been performed live by orchestras and metal bands.[251] In 2003, Uematsu co-founded The Black Mages, an instrumental rock group independent of Square that has released albums of arranged Final Fantasy tunes.[252][253]Bronze medalistsAlison Bartosik and Anna Kozlova performed their synchronized swimming routine at the 2004 Summer Olympics to music from Final Fantasy VIII.[160] Many of the soundtracks have been released for sale. Numerous companion books, which often provide in-depth game information, have been published. Square published them in Japan as Ultimania books.[254][255]Monty Oum released a fan-made web series of CG action films called Dead Fantasy in 2007 that feature Final Fantasy and Dead or Alive characters fighting in battle royale-style brawls.[256]
217.Note: To make ranks comparable this list skips the ranks given to non-mainline games. Anthony John Agnello. The 25 best Final Fantasy games GamesRadar+, 2022-02-03, retrieved 2018-07-15^
Originally a XIII spin-off titled Versus XIII, XV uses the mythos of the Fabula Nova Crystallis series, although in many other respects the game stands on its own and has since been distanced from the series by its developers.
The sixteenth mainline entry, Final Fantasy XVI,[38] was released in 2023 for PlayStation 5.[39]
Last Order, on the other hand, was released in Japan in a special DVD bundle package with Advent Children.
Last Order sold out quickly[67] and was positively received by Western critics,[68][69] though fan reaction was mixed over changes to established story scenes.[70]
Nomura is also the character designer of the Kingdom Hearts series, Compilation of Final Fantasy VII, and Fabula Nova Crystallis: Final Fantasy.[134] Other designers include Nobuyoshi Mihara and Akihiko Yoshida.
Mihara was the character designer for Final Fantasy XI, and Yoshida served as character designer for Final Fantasy Tactics, the Square-produced Vagrant Story, and Final Fantasy XII.[42][135] For Final Fantasy XVI, the character designs were handled by Kazuya Takahashi and Hiroshi Minagawa.[136]
It was not until Final Fantasy IV on the SNES that Uematsu was able to add more subtlety to the music.
