Baidu, Inc. is a Chinese multinational technology company specializing in Internet services and artificial intelligence. It holds a dominant position in China's search engine market (via Baidu Search), and provides a wide variety of other internet services such as Baidu App (Baidu's flagship app for search and newsfeed), Baidu Baike (an online user created Wikipedia-like encyclopedia), iQIYI (a video streaming service), and Baidu Tieba (a forum platform similar to Reddit and they made ES File Explorer.
Besides its core internet search business, Baidu has also diversified into other areas. Including autonomous driving (Baidu Apollo)[3], smart consumer electronics (Xiaodu).[4] and a full-service AI stack, including software, chips, cloud infrastructure, foundation models, and applications.[5]
A variable interest entity for Baidu to enable investment of foreign capital is incorporated in the Cayman Islands.[2] Baidu was incorporated in January 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. Baidu has origins in RankDex, an earlier search engine developed by Robin Li in 1996, before he founded Baidu in 2000. The company is headquartered in Beijing's Haidian District.
In December 2007, Baidu became the first Chinese company to be included in the NASDAQ-100 index.[6] As of May 2018, Baidu's market cap rose to US$99 billion.[7][8][9] In October 2018, Baidu became the first Chinese firm to join the United States–based computer ethics consortium Partnership on AI.[10]
The Chinese government views Baidu as one of its national champion corporations.[11]
History
Early development
In 1994, Robin Li (Pinyin: Li Yanhong, ) joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey division of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped develop software for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal.[12] He also worked on developing better algorithms for search engines and remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997.
In 1996, while at IDD, Li developed the RankDex site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking[13][14][15] and received a US patent for the technology.[16]
Name
The name Baidu literally means "a hundred times", or alternatively, "countless times". It is a quote from the last line of Xin Qiji's classical poem "Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival" saying: "Having searched hundreds of times in the crowd, suddenly turning back, she is there in the dimmest candlelight." [71][72]
Travel
Qunar (Qunar Cayman Islands Limited), is a travel-booking service controlled by Baidu. As of 2013, Qunar had 31.4 million active users and raised $167 Million at its initial public offering that year.[73] It is listed at NASDAQ.[74]
Advertisements
Baidu's primary advertising product is called Baidu Tuiguang and is similar to Google Ads and AdSense. It is a pay per click advertising platform that allows advertisers to have their ads shown in Baidu search results pages and on other websites that are part of Baidu Union. However, Baidu's search results are also based on payments by advertisers. This has prompted criticism and skepticism among Chinese users, with People's Daily commenting in 2018 on issues regarding reliability of Baidu results. Often as many as the first two pages of search results tend to be paid advertisers.[75]
Baidu sells its advertising products via a network of resellers.[76] Baidu's web administrative tools are all in Chinese, making it difficult for non-Chinese speakers to use. In 2012, a third-party company developed a tool with an interface in English for advertising on Baidu.[77][78] Advertisers on Baidu must have a registered business address either in China or in specified East Asian countries.[79]
Competition
Baidu[80] competes with Sogou, Google Search, 360 Search (www.so.com), Yahoo! China, Microsoft's Bing and MSN Messenger, Sina, NetEase's Youdao and PaiPai, Alibaba's Taobao, TOM Online, DuckDuckGo, and EachNet.
Baidu is the most used search engine in China, controlling 76.05 percent of China's market share. The number of Internet users in China had reached 705 million by the end of 2015, according to a report by the internetlivestats.com.[81]
Research and patents
Baidu has started to invest in deep learning research and is integrating new deep learning technology into some of its apps and products, including Phoenix Nest. Phoenix Nest is Baidu's ad-bidding platform.[92]
In April 2012 Baidu JDC long live applied for a patent for its "DNA copyright recognition" technology. This technology automatically scans files that are uploaded by Internet users, and recognizes and filters out content that may violate copyright law. This allows Baidu to offer an infringement-free platform.[93][94]
In April 2022, Baidu announced they gained permits from China to provide the first driverless taxis. The company aim to provide driverless ride-hailing services to the public and have 10 autonomous cars set to begin offering rides to passengers within a 23-square-mile area in suburban begin beginning 28 April 2022.[95]
In July 2022, Baidu unveiled the Apollo RT6, a driverless vehicle that is planned to join Baidu's driverless fleet in 2023.
Finances
The key trends for Baidu are (as of the financial year ending December 31)
Censorship
According to the China Digital Times, Baidu has a long history of being the most active and restrictive online censor in the search arena. Documents leaked in April 2009 from an employee in Baidu's internal monitoring and censorship department show a long list of blocked websites and censored topics on Baidu search.[100]
In May 2011, activists sued Baidu in the United States for violating the U.S. Constitution by the censorship it conducts in accord with the demand of the Chinese government.[101] A U.S. judge has ruled[102] that the Chinese search engine Baidu has the right to block works from its query results under freedom of speech rights, dismissing a lawsuit that sought to punish the company.[103][104]
In 2017, Baidu began coordinating with the Chinese
Controversies
Death of Wei Zexi
In 2016, Baidu's P4P search results reportedly contributed to the death of a student who tried an experimental cancer therapy he found online. The 21-year-old college student was named Wèi Zéxī (魏则西), who studied in Xidian University. Wei was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma, a rare form of cancer. He found the Second Hospital of the Beijing Armed Police Corps (武警北京市总队第二医院) through the search engine Baidu, on which the hospital had been promoting itself.[108] The treatment proved unsuccessful and Wèi died in April 2016.[108]
After Wei's family spent around 200,000 yuan (around US$31,150) for treatment in the hospital, Wei Zexi died on 12 April 2016. The incident triggered massive online discussions after Wei's death.[109] On 2 May 2016, Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), the top watchdog for China's Internet space, dispatched a team of investigators to Baidu.[110]
See also
Further reading
- Lee, Melanie (19 January 2010). "NEWSMAKER-Baidu founder rules China's Web with pragmatism". Reuters.
- Udeze, Chuka (26 March 2012). "Baidu Search to be Integrated by Apple on iOS Devices".
- Kohout, Martin (30 October 2014). "Spyware Baidu to Sony Xperia smartphones". FreeBit.cz.
External links
References
- Baidu – Investors – Management retrieved 29 August 2016^
- Baidu 2024 Annual Report (Form 20-F) US Securities and Exchange Commission, 15 March 2024, retrieved 16 March 2024^
- China's robotaxis are racing ahead of Tesla's The Economist, retrieved 2024-07-29