Zuiko

Zuiko ( or ) is a brand of optical lenses[1] made by Olympus Corporation that was used up to and into the Four Thirds system era. The name Zuiko means 'Holy Light', using a character from the Mizuho Optic Research Laboratory, where the lens was developed, and a character from Takachiho Corporation , which would eventually become the Olympus Corporation.[2][3]

With the introduction of the Micro Four Thirds system in 2008, new lenses for that system started to be branded as M.Zuiko Digital.

Optical formula nomenclature

For lenses manufactured until approximately 1972, the number of optical elements of the lens, angle of view, and diaphragm operation could be distinguished by the markings engraved on the lens. The engraving dropped the number of elements with the advent of multicoating, which occurred during the production of OM system lenses. Ace, Pen-F, FTL, and early OM system lenses carry the letter prefix denoting the number of optical elements. Later OM system lenses (generally all multicoated) omitted this prefix.

For example, an "Olympus OM-SYSTEM G.Zuiko Auto-S 1:1.4 f=50 mm" is a lens with a 'Standard' focal length and a maximum aperture of 1.4 featuring a seven-element construction and an automatic diaphragm, built for the OM-system. The use of 'standard' refers to the focal length compared to the diagonal dimension of the imager; in this case 50 mm is approximately the diagonal dimension of the 35 mm film frame. 'Wide-angle' lenses have focal length significantly shorter than the diagonal dimension, while 'Telephoto' lenses have focal length significantly greater than the diagonal dimension.

Notes

Fixed-lens cameras

Medium format cameras

The first 'Zuiko'-branded lens was a 75 mm 4.5 lens fitted to the Semi-Olympus I of 1936.[5] The Semi-Olympus used a Semi-Proud body, which took pictures in the 6×4.5 frame using medium format film.

The Olympus Flex I was a twin-lens reflex camera first sold in 1952.[6]

Early 35 mm cameras

In 1948, Olympus marketed the first 35 mm camera in Japan, the Olympus 35 I.[7][8] It was a viewfinder camera using a 24×32 mm frame size fitted with a fixed (non-interchangeable) 'Zuiko Coated' 40 mm 3.5 lens; that same lens was also used on the subsequent 35 III (released in 1949 and changed the frame size to the standard 24×36 mm), IV (IV in 1949, IVa in 1953, and IVb in 1954), and V (Va and Vb, both in 1955).

Interchangeable lenses

Minor systems

Prior to the lenses built for the Pen-F half-frame camera, Olympus produced the Ace rangefinder camera in 1958. Four Zuiko-branded lenses were sold for the Ace.[58] The Ace was followed up by the Ace-E of 1959, which added a selenium light meter;[9] the Ace-E was rebranded as the Sears Tower 19 for America. Sears also offered two accessory lenses (35 mm 2.8 and 80 mm 5.6) for the Tower 19.[59]

Between the Pen-F and the OM system cameras, Olympus manufactured the FTL camera with a M42 lens mount modified to pass aperture information to the camera's internal meter. Olympus offered six lenses with the FTL.[60] Both cameras took 35 mm film, but the lenses are not interchangeable between the two systems.

References

A Presentation of History Celebrating 75 Years of Olympus Zuiko Lenses retrieved July 14, 2015^
A Presentation of History: Celebrating the 75th anniversary of the Olympus Zuiko lens brand Olympus Global, February 9, 2011, retrieved 20 February 2019^
「ZUIKO」レンズの発売75周年を記念して、「CP＋」

Automated exposure 35 mm cameras

Olympus released the Olympus-Auto electro-set (1958) and Auto-B electro-set (1959) shortly after the Ace interchangeable lens rangefinder, using styling largely borrowed from the Ace. Both of the Auto models had built-in exposure meters, and were distinguished by lens speed; the older Auto had the faster G.Zuiko 42 mm 1.8 lens carried over from the 35 S-II and the Auto-B had a slower E.Zuiko 42 mm 2.8 lens. Cosmetically, the Auto had a cover for the meter window, which was omitted on the Auto-B.[9] The 'electro-set' designates the semi-automated exposure system; by setting the film speed on the camera body, match-needle metering is used to set aperture and shutter speed simultaneously. The aperture and shutter speed settings are coaxial with the lens and are geared to turn together when the shutter speed is changed; the aperture may be varied, but the shutter speed will change with aperture to maintain exposure.[23] The Auto Eye of 1960 succeeded the older electro-set models and added full shutter-priority autoexposure using a non-interchangeable version of the D.Zuiko 45 mm 2.8 from the Ace.[9] The camera will not release the shutter if the correct exposure cannot be set based on the selected shutter speed.[24] A slightly faster D.Zuiko 43 mm 2.5 was used for its successor, the Auto Eye II, released in 1962.[9]

Also in 1962, Olympus released the S Electro Set (engraved with 'Olympus-S' on the top plate), which used the G.Zuiko 42 mm 1.8 lens from the original Auto.[9] An updated version designated SC was released in 1963; it retained the 'Olympus-S' top plate engraving using the same lens but switched the meter technology from selenium cell to cadmium sulfide (CdS).[9] The successor of the Olympus-S twins was the first of the two-letter 35 xx models, released in 1965; the Olympus 35 LE used a slightly faster G.Zuiko 42 mm 1.7 lens with similar double Gauss optical construction and prominently advertised the use of six transistors.[9] A similarly styled 35 LC using the same lens was released in 1967, which dropped the autoexposure functions of the 35 LE.[9] Like the older electro-set models, the 35 LC coupled the shutter speed and aperture rings so that once the exposure was set, changing the shutter speed would also automatically change the aperture.[18]

Between 1968 and 1983, Olympus sold the Trip 35 camera. It was a scale/zone-focused camera based on the Pen EES[25] which featured a D.Zuiko 40 mm 2.8 Tessar-type lens, two automatically selected shutter speeds (1/undefined, which doubled as the manual flash sync speed, and 1/undefined) for aperture-priority autoexposure, or programmed autoexposure driven by the selenium cell meter. No batteries were required.[9] [17] It was marketed as a kit with a compact flash.[26]

The 35 LE/LC were followed by the flagship fixed-lens 35 SP rangefinder of 1969, again using the G.Zuiko 42 mm 1.7 lens.[9] The 35 SP featured both manual and programmed automatic exposure modes, where the meter reading automatically set both aperture and shutter speed. A switch on the back of the 35 SP engaged the spot meter to override the default scene-average metering.[19] An updated 35 SPN added a battery check in 1972, but otherwise kept the same features and lens as the 35 SP.[9] The camera was restyled and was re-released as the 35 UC in 1973.[9]

Meanwhile, Olympus released the 35 EC economy fixed-lens camera alongside the 35 SP in 1969; compared to the SP, the EC had a slower E.Zuiko 42 mm 2.8 lens carried over from the Auto-B of 1959, but was also markedly smaller and lighter. The 35 EC offered programmed automatic exposure only (both aperture and shutter speed set automatically by the meter) and had no rangefinder.[9] [21] The 35 EC was replaced in 1971 by the 35 EC2, which added a battery check function.[9] [21] The updated 35 ECR of 1972 added a rangefinder to the 35 EC2 but again was limited to programmed autoexposure.[9] [21] In 1974, Olympus released the 35 ED, last of the 'economy' line, equipped with a slightly wider D.Zuiko 38 mm 2.8 lens, rangefinder focusing, and programmed autoexposure only.[9] [15]

In 1970, Olympus marketed the 35 RC as a mid-range compromise; although it was approximately the same size as the 35 EC using the same E.Zuiko 42 mm 2.8 lens, the 35 RC added more advanced features from the 35 SP including true rangefinder focusing and the option of either shutter-priority autoexposure or manual exposure control.[9] [22][26] The 35 DC ("Deluxe Compact") of 1971 also offered rangefinder focusing of a faster F.Zuiko 40 mm 1.7 lens, but was limited to programmed autoexposure only. The 35 DC was equipped with a backlight exposure compensation to increase exposure by 1.5 stops by depressing a button, a simpler solution than the spot meter of the 35 SP.[9] [16][27] Finally, in 1975, Olympus released the 35 RD, combining the faster F.Zuiko 40 mm 1.7 lens from the 35 DC with the shutter-priority autoexposure or manual exposure controls of the older 35 RC.[26]

Pen fixed-lens half-frame cameras

Yoshihisa Maitani, who had joined Olympus in 1956, is credited as the father of the Pen half-frame camera line. Maitani had a keen interest in photography, but felt the cost of cameras was a barrier to entry, as the cheapest camera Olympus sold in 1958 cost ¥23000 1958, approximately 11/undefined× the average monthly salary of a new worker. He proposed to develop a camera that could be sold for ¥6000 1958 instead.[33]

During the development of what became the Pen half-frame camera, released in 1959,[9] [34] Maitani challenged the lens design department to construct a Tessar-type lens as good as one from Leica, resulting in the D.Zuiko 28 mm 3.5; the lens was designed without regard to cost and ended up consuming the entire development budget.[35] The Pen featured simplified mechanisms where possible to control costs, as a result. The prototype camera delighted the head of Olympus, Eiichi Sakurai, who wanted to put the camera into production immediately; however, the head of Olympus's factory flatly refused to produce the "toy camera" and production was initially outsourced.[36] The best-selling camera for Olympus at the time was the Wide, which was selling just over 1,000 units per month; once the Pen went on sale, Olympus had to ramp up production of the Pen to more than 5,000 units per month.[37]

Olympus introduced the Pen-S in 1960, featuring a slightly faster D.Zuiko 30 mm 2.8 lens.[9] In 1961, a programmed autoexposure variant of the original Pen was released, the Pen-EE, equipped with the original D.Zuiko 28 mm 3.5 lens and a selenium cell meter.[9] The Pen-EE S of 1962 combined the faster Pen-S D.Zuiko 30 mm 2.8 lens with the meter and autoexposure of the original Pen-EE.[9] A second Pen-S with the original Pen's slower D.Zuiko 28 mm 3.5 lens was released in 1964,[9] alongside a wide-angle variant, the Pen-W, equipped with an E.Zuiko 25 mm 2.8 lens.[9] The two Pen-EE and EE S models gained 'EL' (Easy Load) variants in 1966 with a new six-slot film take-up spool.[9]

Also in 1962, the more advanced Pen-D was released, featuring a significantly faster F.Zuiko 32 mm 1.9 lens and an uncoupled selenium meter, whose readings were manually transferred to set exposure.[9] [31] The Pen-D2 of 1964 was a Pen-D equipped with a new CdS metering cell.[9] The 1965 Pen-D3 increased lens speed again, using a F.Zuiko 32 mm 1.7, and a Pen-D3 EL variant was introduced in 1966.[9]

By 1963, the Pen system was so well-accepted that Olympus had released a porroprism SLR, the Pen-F, with its own extensive system of interchangeable lenses.

1965 brought the Pen EM equipped with a F.Zuiko 35 mm 2.0 lens and a motor built into the body.[9] The 1967 Pen EED used the F.Zuiko 32 mm 1.7 lens from the Pen-D3 and added program and aperture-priority autoexposure.[9] [30] Two Pen camera models were modified to take the Agfa Rapid 35 mm film pack, released first in 1965 as the Pen RAPID EES and the Pen RAPID EED.[9] The Pen-EE models received mainly cosmetic updates with the EES-2 (1968, using the 'S' D.Zuiko 30 mm 2.8 lens), EE-2 (1968), and EE-3 (1973); both the EE-2 and EE-3 used the older D.Zuiko 28 mm 3.5 lens with fixed focus.[9] The final Pen fixed-lens camera was the Pen EF, released in 1981; it was an EE-3 with an integrated flash.[9]

Optical formula nomenclature

Fixed-lens cameras

Medium format cameras

Early 35 mm cameras

Interchangeable lenses

Minor systems

See also

References

Automated exposure 35 mm cameras

Pen fixed-lens half-frame cameras

126 cartridge camera

XA capsule cameras

Autofocus 35 mm and digital cameras

Pen F lenses

OM system lenses

Four Thirds system lenses

Micro Four Thirds system lenses