Television
During his last year at MGM, Hanna branched out into television, forming the short-lived company Shield Productions with fellow animator Jay Ward,[28] who had created the series Crusader Rabbit. Their partnership soon ended, and in 1957 Hanna reteamed with Joseph Barbera to produce cartoons for television and theatrical release.[10] The two brought different skills to the company. Barbera was a skilled gag writer and sketch artist, while Hanna had a gift for timing, story construction, and recruiting top artists. Major business decisions would be made together, though each year the title of president alternated between them.[1][3][27]
A coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming of the new company,[1] first called H-B Enterprises but soon changed to Hanna-Barbera Productions.[7][27] Barbera and Hanna's MGM colleague George Sidney, the director of Anchors Aweigh, became the third partner and business manager in the company, and arranged a deal for distribution and working capital with Screen Gems, the television division of Columbia Pictures, who took part ownership of the new studio.[1]
The first offering from the new company was The Ruff & Reddy Show,[10] a series which detailed the friendship between a dog and cat.[8] Despite a lukewarm response for their first theatrical venture, Loopy De Loop, Hanna-Barbera soon established themselves with two successful television series: The Huckleberry Hound Show and The Yogi Bear Show. A 1960 survey showed that half of the viewers of Huckleberry Hound were adults. This prompted the company to create a new animated series, The Flintstones.[26][29]
A parody of The Honeymooners, the new show followed a typical Stone Age family with home appliances, talking animals, and celebrity guests. With an audience of both children and adults, The Flintstones became the first animated prime-time show to be a hit.[8][26][30] Fred Flintstone's signature exclamation "yabba dabba doo" soon entered everyday usage,[26][31] and the show boosted the studio to the top of the TV cartoon field.[13] The company later produced a space-age version of The Flintstones, known as The Jetsons. Although both shows reappeared in the 1970s and 1980s, The Flintstones was far more popular.[8]
By the late 1960s, Hanna-Barbera Productions was the most successful television animation studio in the business. The Hanna-Barbera studio produced over 3,000 animated half-hour television shows.[26] Among the more than 100 cartoon series and specials they produced were: Atom Ant, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy (an imitation of the earlier Spike and Tyke MGM cartoons), Jonny Quest, Josie and the Pussycats, Magilla Gorilla, Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, Quick Draw McGraw, and Top Cat.[6][25] Top Cat was based on Phil Silvers's character Sgt. Bilko,[32] though it has been erroneously reported that Sgt. Bilko was the basis for Yogi Bear.[17] The Hanna-Barbera studio also produced Scooby-Doo (1969–1991) and The Smurfs (1981–1989).[10]
As popular as their cartoons were with 1960s audiences, they were disliked by artists.[33] Television programs had lower budgets than theatrical animation, and this economic reality caused many animation studios to go out of business in the 1950s and 1960s, putting many people in the industry out of work.[17][29] Hanna-Barbera was key in the development of limited animation, which allowed television animation to be more cost-effective,[6][10][25] but also reduced quality.[33] Hanna and Barbera had first experimented with these techniques in the early days of Tom and Jerry.[3]
To reduce the cost of each episode, shows often focused more on character dialogue than detailed animation.[17][33] The number of drawings for a seven-minute cartoon decreased from 14,000 to nearly 2,000, and the company implemented innovative techniques such as rapid background changes to improve viewing.[29] Reviewers criticized the change from vivid, detailed animation to repetitive movements by two-dimensional characters.[33] Barbera once said that their choice was to adapt to the television budgets or change careers.[34][35] The new style did not limit the success of their animated shows, enabling Hanna–Barbera to stay in business, providing employment to many who would otherwise have been out of work.[29] Limited animation became the standard for television animation, and continues to be used today in television programs such as
In 1966, Hanna-Barbera Productions was sold to Taft Broadcasting (renamed Great American Communications in 1987) for $12 million.[3] Hanna and Barbera remained at the head of the company until 1991.[37][38][39] At that point, the company was sold to the Turner Broadcasting System for an estimated $320 million,[40] which itself merged with Time Warner, owners of Warner Bros., in 1996.[8] This began a close association with the Cartoon Network. Hanna and Barbera continued to advise their former company and periodically worked on new Hanna-Barbera shows, including The Cartoon Cartoon Show series and hit silver screen versions of The Flintstones (1994) and Scooby-Doo (2002).[11]
