2011
X1 (original)
An addition to the lightweight X series, weighing between 1.36 kg to 1.72 kg depending on configuration. It was the thinnest ThinkPad laptop to date at 16.5 (front) and 21.5 mm (rear). The screen is a 13.3 in LED-backlit HD infinity panel with (WXGA) resolution. Base configuration uses an Intel Sandy Bridge 2.5 GHz Core i5-2520M (up to 3.20 GHz) with 4 GiB of RAM (up to 8 GiB), SATA SSD or hard drive, Intel Integrated HD Graphics, USB 3.0, backlit keyboard, 802.11 b/g/n WiFi and an average of eight hours of battery life. The battery is internal and not removable, and there is no optical drive.
The ThinkPad X1 laptop was released by Lenovo in May 2011. Notebook Review offered a positive opinion of the ThinkPad X1, saying that it was, "A powerful notebook that combines the durability and features of a business-class ThinkPad with the style of a consumer laptop."[10] A 13.3-inch X1 ThinkPad was announced to be available in the UK on June 7, 2011.
The specifications[11] of the ThinkPad X1 laptop are given below:
- Processor: Up to Intel Core i7-2640M (2× 2.80GHz, 4MB L3)
- Memory: Up to 8GiB DDR3 1333MT/s (1 slot)
- Graphics: Intel HD Graphics 3000
- Storage: 1 × SATA 6Gbit/s (320GB 7200RPM HDD, or an SSD, ranging from 128GiB to 160GiB)
- Battery: Up to 5.2 hours.[12] This could be extended further to 10 hours with a slice battery.[13]
X1 (original)
An addition to the lightweight X series, weighing between 1.36 kg to 1.72 kg depending on configuration. It was the thinnest ThinkPad laptop to date at 16.5 (front) and 21.5 mm (rear). The screen is a 13.3 in LED-backlit HD infinity panel with (WXGA) resolution. Base configuration uses an Intel Sandy Bridge 2.5 GHz Core i5-2520M (up to 3.20 GHz) with 4 GiB of RAM (up to 8 GiB), SATA SSD or hard drive, Intel Integrated HD Graphics, USB 3.0, backlit keyboard, 802.11 b/g/n WiFi and an average of eight hours of battery life. The battery is internal and not removable, and there is no optical drive.
The ThinkPad X1 laptop was released by Lenovo in May 2011. Notebook Review offered a positive opinion of the ThinkPad X1, saying that it was, "A powerful notebook that combines the durability and features of a business-class ThinkPad with the style of a consumer laptop."[10] A 13.3-inch X1 ThinkPad was announced to be available in the UK on June 7, 2011.
The specifications[11] of the ThinkPad X1 laptop are given below:
- Processor: Up to Intel Core i7-2640M (2× 2.80GHz, 4MB L3)
- Memory: Up to 8GiB DDR3 1333MT/s (1 slot)
2012
X1 Carbon (1st Gen)
The X1 Carbon features a solid-state drive (SSD) instead of a hard drive. The base model has 4GiB of memory, an Intel Core i5-3317U processor, and a 128GiB SSD. The most expensive model has an Intel Core i7 processor and a 256GiB SSD. The X1 Carbon requires the use of a dongle to access wired Ethernet and some models include 3G or 4G cellular modems.[14]
The base model X1 Carbon has a 14 in TN screen with a resolution of 1600 by 900 pixels. The X1 Carbon weighs 1.35 kg and measures 12.8 in by 8.94 in by 0.68 in (at its thickest). The X1 Carbon's roll cage is made of light-weight carbon-fiber[15] and has a matte black finish.[16]
In November 2012, Lenovo announced a touch-screen variant called the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch designed for use with Windows 8. Its display makes use of multi-touch technology that can detect simultaneous inputs from up to ten fingers.[17]
X1 Carbon (1st Gen)
The X1 Carbon features a solid-state drive (SSD) instead of a hard drive. The base model has 4GiB of memory, an Intel Core i5-3317U processor, and a 128GiB SSD. The most expensive model has an Intel Core i7 processor and a 256GiB SSD. The X1 Carbon requires the use of a dongle to access wired Ethernet and some models include 3G or 4G cellular modems.[14]
The base model X1 Carbon has a 14 in TN screen with a resolution of 1600 by 900 pixels. The X1 Carbon weighs 1.35 kg and measures 12.8 in by 8.94 in by 0.68 in (at its thickest). The X1 Carbon's roll cage is made of light-weight carbon-fiber[15] and has a matte black finish.[16]
In November 2012, Lenovo announced a touch-screen variant called the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch designed for use with Windows 8. Its display makes use of multi-touch technology that can detect simultaneous inputs from up to ten fingers.[17]
In a review published for CNET, Dan Ackerman wrote, "At first glance, the ThinkPad X1 Carbon looks a lot like other ThinkPads, but in the hand it stands out as very light and portable. The excellent keyboard shows up other ultrabooks, and the rugged build quality is reassuring. With a slightly boosted battery and maybe a lower starting price, this could be a serious contender for my all-around favorite thin laptop."
2012 Touch
In a review for Engadget, Dana Wollman wrote, "Starting with ergonomics, this has one of the best keyboard / touchpad combinations we've seen on a laptop, and that's not even counting that signature red pointing stick. We're also enamored with the design: aside from being well-made, the X1 Carbon Touch is also notably thin and light [at 1.55kg] for a 14-inch machine, especially one with a touchscreen. The display is hardly our favorite, what with the narrow viewing angles, but at least the 1,600 × 900 resolution is nice and crisp."[20]
In its review of the X1 Carbon Touch, Wired wrote, "Lenovo also hasn't forgotten about the things that users actually care about. Audio is impressive and Dolby-certified. The keyboard is backlit and fully usable, and the glass touchpad was rock solid on this go-round with the Carbon." In its final verdict Wired stated that an "Excellent combination of performance, portability, and durability" and "the best keyboard going" make the Touch 'Wired."[21]
2014
X1 Carbon (2nd Gen)
The 2014 X1 Carbon features a 4th generation Intel processor and an "Adaptive Keyboard" touch bar where the function keys are normally located. The Home and End keys replaced the Caps Lock key, requiring the user to double-press the Shift key to activate Caps Lock. The Delete key was also repositioned to the right of the Backspace key instead of above it.[24]
Peter Bright wrote a disparaging review for Ars Technica. He found the X1 Carbon with the Lenovo named "Adaptive Keyboard" to be near perfect but unusable because the keyboard was so non-standard when compared with that of a desktop, the older ThinkPad T410s and Lenovo Helix keyboards. As a touch typist, he despairs at the removal of the function keys, and the repositioning of Caps Lock, replacing it with Home End, and, that pretty much each little-finger key has moved.[25]
X1 Carbon (2nd Gen)
The 2014 X1 Carbon features a 4th generation Intel processor and an "Adaptive Keyboard" touch bar where the function keys are normally located. The Home and End keys replaced the Caps Lock key, requiring the user to double-press the Shift key to activate Caps Lock. The Delete key was also repositioned to the right of the Backspace key instead of above it.[24]
Peter Bright wrote a disparaging review for Ars Technica. He found the X1 Carbon with the Lenovo named "Adaptive Keyboard" to be near perfect but unusable because the keyboard was so non-standard when compared with that of a desktop, the older ThinkPad T410s and Lenovo Helix keyboards. As a touch typist, he despairs at the removal of the function keys, and the repositioning of Caps Lock, replacing it with Home End, and, that pretty much each little-finger key has moved.[25]
2015
X1 Carbon (3rd Gen)
The 2015 X1 Carbon features a 5th generation Intel Core processor. Lenovo reverted to the traditional Function row from the innovative but confusing Adaptive Function Row, and resumed using dedicated mouse buttons under the TrackPoint. A fingerprint reader is to the right of the keyboard and can be used to log into Windows.
In a review for Laptop Magazine, Mark Spoonauer wrote, "The ThinkPad X1 Carbon is easily one of the best business ultraportables available. While on the pricey side, the $1,754 configuration I reviewed delivers everything I want in a laptop: long battery life, a comfortable typing experience and strong overall performance. The X1 Carbon's design doesn't wow, but it's light and feels like it can stand up to abuse. However, the lack of an SD card slot is annoying, and I wish the 14-inch display were as bright as it is sharp[27]
X1 Carbon (3rd Gen)
The 2015 X1 Carbon features a 5th generation Intel Core processor. Lenovo reverted to the traditional Function row from the innovative but confusing Adaptive Function Row, and resumed using dedicated mouse buttons under the TrackPoint. A fingerprint reader is to the right of the keyboard and can be used to log into Windows.
In a review for Laptop Magazine, Mark Spoonauer wrote, "The ThinkPad X1 Carbon is easily one of the best business ultraportables available. While on the pricey side, the $1,754 configuration I reviewed delivers everything I want in a laptop: long battery life, a comfortable typing experience and strong overall performance. The X1 Carbon's design doesn't wow, but it's light and feels like it can stand up to abuse. However, the lack of an SD card slot is annoying, and I wish the 14-inch display were as bright as it is sharp[27]
2016
X1 Carbon (4th Gen)
In January 2016 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their fourth generation X1 Carbon.[29]
X1 Yoga
The first generation of the X1 Yoga was released in 2016, featuring a 14 in touchscreen with a 360-degree hinge. Unlike many other laptops in the X1 series, it features a stylus and a dedicated slot for it. Like many others in the X1 series, the X1 Yoga features a built-in fingerprint sensor, multiple USB ports, an HDMI port, and support for up to Intel i7 processors.[30]
X1 Tablet (1st Gen)
The X1 Tablet was Lenovo's first attempt at integrating a 2-in-1 Surface-like device into the X series. Following in the footsteps of the Thinkpad Helix, this new device was meant to appeal to those who want a thin and light laptop on the go.
X1 Carbon (4th Gen)
In January 2016 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their fourth generation X1 Carbon.[29]
X1 Yoga
The first generation of the X1 Yoga was released in 2016, featuring a 14 in touchscreen with a 360-degree hinge. Unlike many other laptops in the X1 series, it features a stylus and a dedicated slot for it. Like many others in the X1 series, the X1 Yoga features a built-in fingerprint sensor, multiple USB ports, an HDMI port, and support for up to Intel i7 processors.[30]
X1 Tablet (1st Gen)
The X1 Tablet was Lenovo's first attempt at integrating a 2-in-1 Surface-like device into the X series. Following in the footsteps of the Thinkpad Helix, this new device was meant to appeal to those who want a thin and light laptop on the go. Featuring a 12" 3:2 FHD+ display with a resolution of 2160x1440 pixels (216.33 PPI) at a peak brightness of 360 nits. The tablet came with the option to configure the processor with the 6th gen core M series, an ultra low power version of the existing Core i Series. Storage could be configured up to 1TB on an NVME SSD. RAM was configurable up to 16GB. The tablet itself without the keyboard is 291.5 mm × 209.5 mm × 8.75 mm (11.48" × 8.25" × 0.34"). The tablet weighs 767 grams (1.69 Ibs) by itself, but could weigh as much as 1,310 grams (2.89 Ibs) with the addition of the keyboard and the productivity module. Lenovo claims ~10 hours of battery life.
The computer came with a pen and the type cover in the box. When this tablet was released, there were external modules that could be attached using the bottom of the device. By default, there was a blanking plate that covers the module connectors. Once removed, you can connect docking accessories to the device. There were three models from Lenovo that could be connected.[31]
The first was a productivity module that added an extra USB 3.0 Type A port, HDMI port, and a 24Wh battery that could extend your battery life by about ~5 hours according to Lenovo.[32] The second module was a projector module that contained a pico projector, HDMI, and a 10Wh battery for the module itself.
2017
X1 Carbon (5th Gen)
In January 2017 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their fifth generation X1 Carbon, 1.14 kg weight, which delivers up to 15.5 hours of battery life starting at $1,329. A silver version was also introduced.[36]
This is the first generation of X1 Carbon to include USB-C ports.[37]
Recall
The ThinkPad X1 Carbon 5th Generation laptops built before 2017-11-01 were recalled after reports that a screw left in the laptop during manufacturing could damage one of the lithium batteries causing one of the cells to short out, leading to rapid overheating and failure. 83,500 of the laptops had been sold in the US and Canada before the recall.[38][39]
X1 Carbon (5th Gen)
In January 2017 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their fifth generation X1 Carbon, 1.14 kg weight, which delivers up to 15.5 hours of battery life starting at $1,329. A silver version was also introduced.[36]
This is the first generation of X1 Carbon to include USB-C ports.[37]
Recall
The ThinkPad X1 Carbon 5th Generation laptops built before 2017-11-01 were recalled after reports that a screw left in the laptop during manufacturing could damage one of the lithium batteries causing one of the cells to short out, leading to rapid overheating and failure. 83,500 of the laptops had been sold in the US and Canada before the recall.[38][39]
Recall
The ThinkPad X1 Carbon 5th Generation laptops built before 2017-11-01 were recalled after reports that a screw left in the laptop during manufacturing could damage one of the lithium batteries causing one of the cells to short out, leading to rapid overheating and failure. 83,500 of the laptops had been sold in the US and Canada before the recall.[38][39]
X1 Yoga (2nd Gen)
Changes from previous X1 Yoga includes the use of 7th generation Intel Core i ('Kaby Lake') processors, addition of Thunderbolt 3 ports, USB-C connector for power adapter, 'wave' style keyboard featuring matte finish on the keyboard.[40]
X1 Tablet (2nd Gen)
The X1 Tablet 2nd Gen was a refresh of the first Gen. With newer 7th gen core i/m series processors, updated integrated graphics and refreshed internal Wifi/Bluetooth module. Externally, the device fits dimensionally with accessories made for the first gen, including Onelink+ modules, keyboards, screen protectors, and cases.
2018
X1 Carbon (6th Gen)
In January 2018 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their sixth generation X1 Carbon, weighing 1.13 kg. This is the first X1 Carbon model to have a quad-core processor. It features an 8th generation Intel Core i5 or i7 processor, along with up to 16 GiB of RAM and up to 1 TiB of storage. X1 branding is also now present on the cover. The ThinkPad logo has changed to black instead of the previous silver branding.[42]
X1 Yoga (3rd Gen)
The design is derived from 6th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon, with the ThinkShutter privacy camera included by default (except for models with an IR camera), 15W 8th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus. OLED screens are no longer an option.[43][44]
X1 Carbon (6th Gen)
In January 2018 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their sixth generation X1 Carbon, weighing 1.13 kg. This is the first X1 Carbon model to have a quad-core processor. It features an 8th generation Intel Core i5 or i7 processor, along with up to 16 GiB of RAM and up to 1 TiB of storage. X1 branding is also now present on the cover. The ThinkPad logo has changed to black instead of the previous silver branding.[42]
X1 Yoga (3rd Gen)
The design is derived from 6th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon, with the ThinkShutter privacy camera included by default (except for models with an IR camera), 15W 8th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus. OLED screens are no longer an option.[43][44]
X1 Tablet (3rd Gen)
The X1 Tablet 3rd gen went through a major redesign from the first two generations. The design changes include no compatibilty with OneLink+ modules, a larger screen, consolidation of ports, a tented rear kickstand, and a design more centered around Surface Devices at the time. This design served as the basis for the successor in the x12 Detachable Series.
The Screen was changed to a larger 13 inch 3.2 IPS Multi-Touch display with a resolution of 3000x2000 pixels (277.35 PPI) rated at 400 nits. The processors were upgraded to the 8th generation Intel Core i series, unlike previous generation which used the ultra low powered core M series CPUs. The RAM was configurable up to 16GB of soldered memory. The Storage could be configured up to a 1TB NVMe SSD. The device, with folio keyboard is 304.1 mm × 226 mm × 14.4 mm (11.97" × 8.9" × 0.57"). The Device, with folio keyboard, weighs 1.27Kg (2.8 Ibs). Lenovo claims a battery life of 9.5hrs on a single charge.
X1 Extreme (1st Gen)
The first 15.6-inch ThinkPad X-series laptop. Also, in contrast to the regular 14-inch ThinkPad X series models, the X1 Extreme has user-upgradable RAM and the full-power HQ-series mobile Intel CPUs.
X1 Extreme laptop have a sibling model in a ThinkPad P series line, known as a ThinkPad P1.
2019
X1 Carbon (7th Gen)
In January 2019 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their seventh generation X1 Carbon, weighing 1.08 kg. It came with the 8th generation Whiskey Lake Core i5 or i7 processors, up to 16 GiB of RAM, optional 4K display featuring Dolby Vision HDR, and a thinner chassis than the last generation. It also supports a new optional carbon fiber weave top cover.[47][48]
X1 Yoga (4th Gen)
The design is derived from 7th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon. This is notably the first ThinkPad with aluminum chassis. 15W 8th/10th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus.
X1 Extreme (2nd Gen)
The updated version of first generation; the first non-Yoga ThinkPad laptop with an
X1 Carbon (7th Gen)
In January 2019 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their seventh generation X1 Carbon, weighing 1.08 kg. It came with the 8th generation Whiskey Lake Core i5 or i7 processors, up to 16 GiB of RAM, optional 4K display featuring Dolby Vision HDR, and a thinner chassis than the last generation. It also supports a new optional carbon fiber weave top cover.[47][48]
X1 Yoga (4th Gen)
The design is derived from 7th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon. This is notably the first ThinkPad with aluminum chassis. 15W 8th/10th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus.
X1 Extreme (2nd Gen)
The updated version of first generation; the first non-Yoga ThinkPad laptop with an OLED screen option.
The sibling model is a ThinkPad P1 Gen 2.
2020
X1 Carbon Gen 8
In January 2020 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their eighth generation X1 Carbon. It comes with 10th generation Intel Comet Lake processors, optional PrivacyGuard display, and WiFi 6 support.[50] The Fedora Linux distribution is also offered pre-installed on the laptop.[51]
X1 Yoga Gen 5
The design is derived from 8th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon. 10th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus.[52]
X1 Extreme Gen 3
The update of 15 inch line; the last X1 ThinkPad line with non-reduced 1.8 mm key travel.
X1 Carbon Gen 8
In January 2020 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their eighth generation X1 Carbon. It comes with 10th generation Intel Comet Lake processors, optional PrivacyGuard display, and WiFi 6 support.[50] The Fedora Linux distribution is also offered pre-installed on the laptop.[51]
X1 Yoga Gen 5
The design is derived from 8th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon. 10th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus.[52]
X1 Extreme Gen 3
The update of 15 inch line; the last X1 ThinkPad line with non-reduced 1.8 mm key travel.[53]
X1 Nano
Lenovo unveiled the first X1 Nano in September 2020. X1 Nano was the lightest ThinkPad ever at the time at just 1.99 pounds (907 g) and also Lenovo's first ThinkPad based on Intel Evo platform, powered by 11th Gen Intel Core processors. The machine has a 13-inch 16:10 screen with four speakers with Dolby Atmos and four 360-degree microphones.
X1 Fold
X1 Fold with 13.3 inch display.
2021
X1 Titanium Yoga Gen 1
In 2021, Lenovo released the X1 Titanium Yoga, a 13.5-inch laptop with an 11th Gen Intel Core i5 or i7 processor and integrated Intel Iris Xe graphics.
X1 Carbon Gen 9
In January 2021 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their ninth generation X1 Carbon. It comes with a 16:10 aspect ratio display, wider touchpad, and a larger battery.[59][60]
X1 Titanium Yoga Gen 1
In 2021, Lenovo released the X1 Titanium Yoga, a 13.5-inch laptop with an 11th Gen Intel Core i5 or i7 processor and integrated Intel Iris Xe graphics.
X1 Carbon Gen 9
In January 2021 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their ninth generation X1 Carbon. It comes with a 16:10 aspect ratio display, wider touchpad, and a larger battery.[59][60]
2022
X1 Carbon Gen 10
A tenth generation was announced by Lenovo in January 2022.[65] Beginning with the tenth generation, Lenovo used synaptic drivers that resolved the click-delay reported on earlier generations (7th-9th) which used Microsoft Precision drivers.
X1 Extreme Gen 5
A 5th generation became available in June 2022 [66][67]
X1 Fold 16 Gen 1
Lenovo introduced the new ThinkPad X1 Fold 16 laptop, and it began shipping in November.
X1 Carbon Gen 10
A tenth generation was announced by Lenovo in January 2022.[65] Beginning with the tenth generation, Lenovo used synaptic drivers that resolved the click-delay reported on earlier generations (7th-9th) which used Microsoft Precision drivers.
X1 Extreme Gen 5
A 5th generation became available in June 2022 [66][67]
X1 Fold 16 Gen 1
Lenovo introduced the new ThinkPad X1 Fold 16 laptop, and it began shipping in November.
2023
X1 Carbon Gen 11
An eleventh generation was announced by Lenovo in December 2022.[73] It uses recycled materials for the first time: up to 97 percent post-consumer plastic in some components, 90 percent recycled magnesium, and 55 percent recycled aluminium. This generation uses use Intel's 13th generation of Core mobile processors.
According to Lenovo UK site 32GB build is currently available with Core i5-1345U and Core i7-1365U "Select an i5-1345U/i7-1365U Processor for more memory options"
64 GB build is only be available with Core i7-1370P.
X1 Yoga Gen 8
This announcement also included new versions of the X1 Yoga (14 inch).
X1 Nano Gen 3
This announcement also included new versions of the X1 Nano (13 inch).
X1 Carbon Gen 11
An eleventh generation was announced by Lenovo in December 2022.[73] It uses recycled materials for the first time: up to 97 percent post-consumer plastic in some components, 90 percent recycled magnesium, and 55 percent recycled aluminium. This generation uses use Intel's 13th generation of Core mobile processors.
According to Lenovo UK site 32GB build is currently available with Core i5-1345U and Core i7-1365U "Select an i5-1345U/i7-1365U Processor for more memory options"
64 GB build is only be available with Core i7-1370P.
X1 Yoga Gen 8
This announcement also included new versions of the X1 Yoga (14 inch).
X1 Nano Gen 3
This announcement also included new versions of the X1 Nano (13 inch).
2024
X1 Carbon Gen 12
A twelfth generation X1 Carbon was announced by Lenovo in December 2023. It is the world's first laptop to feature Intel's Core Ultra processors.[77]
It is also the first X1 Carbon to feature a haptic touchpad option, which is supplied by Sensel.[78] Sensel also supplied the haptic touchpads for the ThinkPad X1 Titanium Yoga (2021),[79] ThinkPad X1 Fold 16 Gen 1 (2022),[80] ThinkPad Z13 Gen 2 and Z16 Gen 2 (2023),[81] and ThinkPad X1 2-in-1 Gen 9 (2024).[82]
X1 Carbon Gen 12
A twelfth generation X1 Carbon was announced by Lenovo in December 2023. It is the world's first laptop to feature Intel's Core Ultra processors.[77]
It is also the first X1 Carbon to feature a haptic touchpad option, which is supplied by Sensel.[78] Sensel also supplied the haptic touchpads for the ThinkPad X1 Titanium Yoga (2021),[79] ThinkPad X1 Fold 16 Gen 1 (2022),[80] ThinkPad Z13 Gen 2 and Z16 Gen 2 (2023),[81] and ThinkPad X1 2-in-1 Gen 9 (2024).[82]
X1 2-in-1 Gen 9
A new iteration of the "Yoga" X1 version got renamed as 2-in-1 to avoid confusion with separate Lenovo Yoga line laptops. Sharing most of the technology with the X1 Carbon Gen 12.[84][85]
X1 Carbon Gen 13 Aura Edition
Lenovo added the Microsoft Copilot button to the keyboard to promote and integrate Microsoft's AI assistant. The second hardware-button activates the Lenovo Aura Experience which helps sharing content between devices and more.[87][88]
There is no 64 GB RAM option due to limitations of the Lunar Lake architecture.[89]
