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Ryanair

WorldBrand briefing

AI supplement

Original synthesis to sit alongside the encyclopedia article below. Not part of Wikipedia; verify facts on Wikipedia when precision matters.

Ryanair is an Irish low-cost airline headquartered in Dublin, widely recognized as Europe's biggest budget carrier by passenger numbers. It is renowned for its aggressive cost-cutting strategies that allow it to offer some of the lowest airfares in the European market, and has grown to become one of the most profitable airlines globally.

Key moments

  • 1985Officially founded by Christy Ryan, Tony Ryan and Liam Lonergan, launches with a single 15-seater aircraft
  • 1990Transforms into Europe's first low-cost carrier, discards business class and free on-board catering, adopts all-Boeing 737 fleet
  • 2003Acquires KLM's low-cost subsidiary BUZZ to expand its European footprint
  • 2014Becomes the largest airline in Europe by passenger volume
  • 2020Suspends most operations due to the global COVID-19 pandemic
  • 2026 (FY26 forecast)Raises passenger traffic forecast to 207 million, supported by stronger travel demand and accelerated Boeing aircraft deliveries

Ryanair leads the European low-cost airline sector, with core competitive strengths including industry-leading cost control that enables ultra-low ticket prices, a standardized Boeing 737 fleet that reduces maintenance and training costs, and a vast route network spanning dozens of countries across Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Its primary competitors include direct low-cost rivals like EasyJet and fast-growing Wizz Air, as well as budget subsidiaries of full-service carriers such as Eurowings (from Lufthansa Group) and Transavia. The airline has drawn significant criticism over its extensive ancillary fee structure (including charges for checked baggage, seat selection and in-flight amenities) which has led to mixed customer satisfaction ratings in recent years. In recent years, Ryanair has expanded into transatlantic low-cost routes using fuel-efficient Boeing 737 MAX aircraft, while making minor adjustments to passenger policies to balance cost discipline and customer experience.

  • Core competitive advantage: Ultra-low operating costs that translate to the lowest available fares across most European routes, paired with high passenger load factors
  • Key competitors: EasyJet (its closest European low-cost peer), Wizz Air (focused on Central and Eastern Europe), and full-service airline budget offshoots
  • Controversial policies: Hefty add-on fees, occasional labor tensions with employee unions, and past criticism over customer service standards
  • Recent strategic shifts: Expanding long-haul low-cost services, upgrading its fleet with modern Boeing 737 MAX jets, and incremental improvements to passenger experience

Ryanair is one of the most influential travel brands in Europe, with a clear, disruptive brand identity built around ultra-low-cost air travel. As the largest budget carrier on the continent by passenger volume, it has reshaped consumer expectations for affordable air travel, opening up international travel to millions of price-sensitive customers who previously could not fly.

The Ryanair brand has a distinct dual reputation: it is widely respected within the aviation industry for its relentless cost discipline and industry-leading profitability, but it also faces persistent consumer criticism over its ancillary fee structure and minimalist customer service, leading to mixed brand perception among the general public.

Despite ongoing industry challenges including post-pandemic labor shortages, fluctuating fuel prices, and rising competition from other low-cost carriers, Ryanair has consistently grown its market share and maintained strong brand relevance, positioning itself for further expansion into new route segments in coming years.

Brand leadership

Score: 85/100

Ryanair leads the European low-cost airline sector in annual passenger numbers and profitability, outperforming all regional rivals in market share. Its aggressive cost-cutting and pricing strategy has defined the competitive landscape for budget aviation across Europe, giving it strong market and strategic leadership in the segment.

Customer interaction

Score: 58/100

Ryanair prioritizes digital self-service to minimize operational costs, resulting in limited personalized interaction with customers. Its fee structure and minimalist service model have led to mixed customer satisfaction scores, reducing emotional brand loyalty among some passenger segments compared to competitors.

Brand momentum

Score: 80/100

Ryanair has sustained positive brand growth over the past decade, recovering quickly from the COVID-19 pandemic and gaining market share against both competing low-cost carriers and full-service airlines. Its ongoing expansion into transatlantic low-cost routes and incremental adjustments to customer policies keep the brand moving forward.

Brand stability

Score: 82/100

Ryanair maintains strong financial stability as one of the most profitable airlines globally, with a predictable operational model centered on a single standardized aircraft fleet. This stability allows it to weather industry shocks such as fuel price volatility and economic downturns better than many smaller or less profitable competitors.

Brand age

Score: 65/100

Founded in 1984, Ryanair has over 40 years of operating history in aviation, and has operated under its current low-cost brand model since the early 1990s. Its long-standing presence in the European market has built strong widespread brand recognition that newer market entrants cannot match.

Industry profile

Score: 90/100

Ryanair is a globally recognized case study for disruptive low-cost business models in aviation, and is the most well-known budget airline brand in Europe. It is the first brand that most European consumers associate with low-cost air travel, giving it exceptional industry visibility and mind share.

Globalization

Score: 55/100

While Ryanair operates across more than 30 countries in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, its core business and brand recognition remain heavily concentrated in Europe. Its recent transatlantic expansion is still in early stages, so it has not yet achieved broad global brand recognition outside of its core regional market.

AI-driven analysis can support preliminary reasoning around Ryanair's brand value based on public market and performance data. Any brand value figures included in supplementary material are purely illustrative, not audited official estimates. For a fully verified, audited brand value assessment for Ryanair, contact the World Brand Lab directly.

Ryanair is an Irish ultra low-cost airline headquartered in Swords, County Dublin, Ireland.[4] It is the largest airline in Europe based on annual passengers, fleet size, number of flights, the largest airline worldwide based on number of international passengers carried,[5] and the third-largest airline worldwide based on market capitalization after Delta Air Lines and United Airlines.[6] It has the fifth highest net income of all airlines worldwide.[7] In 2025, the company sold 208 million airline tickets,[8] with average total revenue of €70 per ticket sold, compared to average total costs of €62 per ticket sold.[1] It is widely considered to be the cheapest or one of the cheapest airlines in Europe.[9]

Ryanair operates 3,500 short-haul flights per day serving approximately 230 airports in over 40 countries in Europe as well as Morocco, Jordan, and Turkey.[1][10] The primary operational bases are at Dublin, London Stansted, and Milan Bergamo airports.[11]

Ryanair is known for its no frills policy; it generates ancillary revenue of approximately one-third of total revenue as it charges fees for using airport check-in facilities, paying by credit card, for checked-in luggage, has high penalties for oversized baggage not paid for in advance,[12] and has a buy on board programme in which airline meals must be purchased separately.[13] Ryanair is also known for its low cost model; to allow for faster cleaning and quick turnaround times, Ryanair aircraft have non-reclining seats, no seat-back pockets, safety cards stuck on the back of the seats, life jackets stowed overhead rather than under the seat, and requires passengers to use boarding stairs or built-in airstairs rather than more expensive jet bridges.[14][15] To keep costs low, the company also has a long history of significantly adjusting its route network after governments increase airport fees, taxes, or environmental levies.[16]

Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary, who owns approximately 4% of the company,[17] has been known to intentionally generate controversy to gain publicity for the airline.[18]

Ryanair has a fleet of 613 planes, including 26 leased aircraft.[1][19] Approximately 95% of aircraft used by Ryanair are single-aisle Boeing 737s; the 737-8-200 was designed specifically by Boeing for Ryanair to carry more people at a lower cost per passenger.[20]

Ryanair Holdings plc, the parent company, owns subsidiaries Ryanair DAC,[21] Malta Air, Buzz, Lauda Europe and Ryanair UK. The airline was founded in 1985 by Christopher Ryan and Tony Ryan; Ryanair was named after its founders.

Ryanair is ranked 790th on the Forbes Global 2000[22] and 280th on the Fortune 500 Europe.[23]

The company has consistently ranked poorly in customer satisfaction in annual surveys by Which?; the company has responded that the surveys have a low sample size and that ticket sales continue to increase.[24][25][26][27][28][8]

History

1984-1990

The company was incorporated on 28 November 1984 as Danren Enterprises.[3] It was founded by Christopher Ryan (1936-2007), Tony Ryan (1936-2007) (founder of Guinness Peat Aviation), his son Declan Ryan, and Liam Lonergan (owner of Irish travel agent Club Travel).[29][30][31]

The airline was renamed Ryanair and launched its first flight on 8 July 1985, between Waterford and Gatwick Airport, with a 15-seat Embraer Bandeirante turboprop aircraft.[3][32] In its first year, the airline carried 5,000 passengers.[33]

The first chief executive was Eugene O'Neill (1956–2018), who had formerly worked as managing director of Tony Ryan's Sunday Tribune newspaper and as Ryan's personal assistant. O'Neill was talented at marketing but did not focus on costs, and the airline lost money in its early years. Ryan vetoed O'Neill's proposal to accuse Aer Lingus for breach of competition rules at the European Commission because at the time Aer Lingus was state-owned and Ryanair depended on the Irish government for its route licences. Ryan fired O'Neill in September 1987, who sued for wrongful dismissal.[34]

In 1986, the company added a second route from Dublin to Luton with two Hawker Siddeley HS 748s, thus directly competing with the Aer Lingus/British Airways duopoly for the first time.[35] Beginning in 1986, under partial European Economic Community (EEC) deregulation, airlines could begin new international intra-EEC services as long as one of the two governments approved. The Irish government at the time refused the service to protect Aer Lingus, but Britain, under Margaret Thatcher's deregulating Conservative government, approved the service. With two routes and two aircraft, in 1986, Ryanair carried 82,000 passengers.[36][37][38]

In 1986, the directors of Ryanair acquired an 85% stake in London European Airways in a £630,000 rescue package. From 1987, this provided a connection with the Luton Ryanair service onward to Amsterdam and Brussels.[39] That same year, Michael O'Leary, formerly an accountant at KPMG who had handled tax preparation for Tony Ryan and his companies, joined Ryanair as its chief financial officer.[40]

In 1989, a Short Sandringham flying boat was painted with Ryanair livery as part of a proposed sponsorship deal with Foynes Flying Boat Museum but never flew revenue-generating services for the airline.[41]

Due to financial losses, the company restructured in 1990 with a £20 million investment by Tony Ryan.[30]

In the early 1990s, O'Leary flew to Dallas and met with Herb Kelleher, a co-founder of Southwest Airlines, and aimed to transform Ryanair as a low-cost carrier modeled after Southwest.[40][42][43] O'Leary's strategy was to adopt a simple all Boeing 737 fleet, pursuing expansion over yield, create a culture of cost-cutting, and re-educate the customer to prefer lower prices to frills. Ryanair implemented a 30-minute turnaround goal to allow aircraft to make more flights per day.

1992–2009

In 1994, Michael O'Leary became the sixth chief executive officer.[44] At that time, Ryanair was owned by the 3 sons of Tony Ryan and was losing millions yearly.[45]

Ryan clashed with O'Leary, with Ryan wanting the airline's public relations stunts to be less aggressive, and O'Leary suggesting that Ryan should leave the board.[46]

Ryanair Holdings was established in 1996 as a holding company for Ryanair.[1]

In April 1997, the airline deregulation in Europe and the removal of cabotage gave low-cost carriers, including Ryanair, the opportunity to expand.

The airline became a public company via an initial public offering in May 1997, raising funds on the Dublin and the NASDAQ stock exchanges to expand the company across Europe.[47] All employees received free shares in the IPO; many pilots' shares were worth over £100,000 by 2000.[48]

In 1998, Ryanair launched services to Stockholm, Sandefjord Airport, Torp, Beauvais–Tillé, and Charleroi.[49]

In May 1999, the Ryan family sold 10.5% of the company, reducing their stake to 17.1% and netting approximately £117 million and Michael O'Leary sold 1.5% of the company, reducing his stake to 10.8% of the company and netting about £17 million.[50]

In 1999, flush with new capital, Ryanair placed a US$2 billion order for 45 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft.[51]

The airline launched its website in 2000 built by a 17-year old entrepreneur for IR£20,000. Management thought that the online booking engine would only be a small part of its business.[52]

In December 2001 and again in 2009, Go Fly withdrew its service from Dublin due to competition from Ryanair.[53][54]

In 2002, the airline ordered 155 new Boeing 737-800 at what was believed to be a substantial discount, to be delivered over eight years from 2002 to 2010.[55] Approximately 100 of these aircraft had been delivered by the end of 2005, despite production delays in late 2005 caused by a Boeing machinists' strike.[56]

In April 2003, Ryanair acquired its ailing competitor Buzz from KLM.[57]

In June 2003, spats between O'Leary and the founding Ryan family led to the resignation of Declan Ryan, who had been on the board of directors of the company since 1985. The Ryan family sold additional shares in the company, reducing their stake to 55 million shares.[58] Tony Ryan offered to resign, but he remained on the board until his death in 2007.[59]

In August 2003, MyTravelLite started to compete with Ryanair on Birmingham to Dublin route. Ryanair set up competing flights on some of MyTravelLite's routes until it withdrew from the market.[60]

A loss of €3.3 million in the second quarter of 2004 was the airline's first recorded loss for 15 years but the airline soon became profitable again. The enlargement of the European Union in May 2004 allowed for more new routes for Ryanair.[61]

In September 2004, EasyJet announced routes to Ireland for the first time, beginning with the Cork to London Gatwick route. In 2006, EasyJet withdrew its Gatwick-Cork, Gatwick-Shannon, Gatwick-Knock and Luton-Shannon routes due to competition from Ryanair.[62]

In February 2006, Britain's Channel 4 broadcast a documentary as part of its Dispatches series, "Ryanair caught napping". The documentary criticised Ryanair's training policies, security procedures and aircraft hygiene, and highlighted poor staff morale. Ryanair denied the allegations and claimed that promotional materials, in particular a photograph of a stewardess sleeping, had been faked.[63][64][65]

In May 2006, the company was criticized by The Guardian for its £3.15 "aviation insurance levy" added to the cost of all tickets; the publication noted that most of this was profit to the airline.[66]

In October 2006, Ryanair launched a €1.48 billion bid to buy Aer Lingus; Ryanair already owned 19% of Aer Lingus.[67] Aer Lingus immediately rejected Ryanair's takeover bid, saying it undervalued the airline.[68]

In October 2006, DFDS Seaways ended its Newcastle–Gothenburg ferry service, the only dedicated passenger ferry service between Sweden and the United Kingdom, citing competition from low-cost air services, especially Ryanair.[69]

In April 2007, Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary stated that it had the goal of launching a transatlantic low-cost airline; the launch was delayed and never came to fruition.[70][71][72][73] In 2023, Ryanair said that it had no plans for transatlantic routes.[74]

In August 2007, the company started charging passengers to check in at the airport to encourage people to check-in online, thereby reducing costs.[75][76][77]

In October 2007, upon the death of Tony Ryan, the Ryan family stake in the airline was 5.9%.[78]

In October 2008, Ryanair withdrew operations from a base in Europe for the first time when it closed its base in Valencia, Spain.[79] Ryanair estimated the closure cost 750 jobs.[80]

In December 2008, Ryanair launched a second takeover bid of Aer Lingus, offering an all-cash offer of €748 million, a 28% premium on the average value of Aer Lingus stock during the preceding 30 days.[81][82][83] The Aer Lingus board rejected the offer.[83] In January 2009, Ryanair ended the takeover bid after it was rejected by the Irish government on the grounds it undervalued the airline and would harm competition.[84] However, Ryanair retained a stake in Aer Lingus; in October 2010, competition regulators in the UK opened an inquiry, due to concerns that Ryanair's stake may lead to a reduction in competition.[85] In 2015, after multiple appeals, the Competition Commission required Ryanair to sell down its stake in Aer Lingus to 5% by selling shares to International Airlines Group, which acquired Aer Lingus that year.[86][87][88]

In September 2008, Ryanair asked the Irish High Court to investigate why it had been refused permission to fly from Ireland West Airport to Dublin. This route was won by CityJet, which could not operate the service; the route was then given to Aer Arann without an additional tender process.[89] However, Ryanair lost its challenge in the courts.[90]

In 2009, Ryanair negotiated with Boeing for additional aircraft purchases, posturing that the company would buy Airbus aircraft if it offered a better deal.[91] In November 2009, Ryanair threatened to cancel its orders with Boeing after negotiations stalled.[92][93] Ryanair confirmed that an agreement had been met on price, but it had failed to agree on conditions, as Ryanair had wanted to carry forward certain conditions from its previous contract.[94]

In February 2009, Ryanair announced that later that year it would close all airport check-in desks and that passengers would be able to leave their luggage at a bag drop, but everything else would be done online.[95]

In May 2009, Ryanair abolished airport check-in and replaced it with a fast bag drop for those passengers checking in bags, adding fees for passengers that do not check-in online.[96][97]

In June 2009, due to the Great Recession, Ryanair reported an annual loss of €169 million, its first annual loss.[98]

Ryanair's fleet reached 200 aircraft for the first time in September 2009.[99]

2010s

In May 2010, Ryanair was fined €3 million by Italy's civil aviation authority for refusing to pay for lodging and food for passengers stranded due to air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption.[100] The refusal resulted in a lawsuit; Ryanair lost the case in January 2013.[101]

In February 2011, Ryanair opened a maintenance hangar at Glasgow Prestwick International Airport, making it Ryanair's biggest fleet maintenance base.[102]

In June 2011, Ryanair and COMAC signed an agreement to cooperate on the development of the C-919, to compete with the Boeing 737.[103][104]

In April 2011, Ryanair began adding a surcharge of €2 to its flights to cover the costs arising from compliance with EC Regulation 261/2004, which requires it to pay for meals and accommodation for passengers on delayed and cancelled flights.[105]

Ryanair cut capacity by grounding 80 aircraft between November 2011 and April 2012 due to the high cost of fuel and weak economic conditions during the Euro area crisis.[106]

In June 2012, Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary announced his intention to make an all-cash offer for Aer Lingus. The bid was blocked by the European Commission in 2017, which had also blocked an earlier bid.[107]

In October 2013, Ryanair announced what it described as a series of "customer service improvements", including lower fees for reprinting boarding passes, free changes of minor errors on bookings within 24 hours, and a free second small carry-on bag. Ryanair said it was making the changes as a result of customer feedback.[108][109] The airline also redesigned its website, reducing the number of clicks required to book a flight from 17 to 5. The changes came about after a profit warning implored management to improve customer satisfaction.[110]

In 2013, Ryanair sued Channel 4 and The Independent for defamation after allegations were made about Ryanair's safety standards. The case with The Independent was settled in November 2013.[111][112] The case with Channel 4 was settled in 2025 on undisclosed terms.[113]

In March 2013, Ryanair signed an order for 175 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft for $15.6 billion, increasing its fleet by one-third, to 400 planes.[114][115][116]

In January 2014, Ryanair moved into a new €20 million, 100,000 sqft Dublin head office in Airside Business Park, having outgrown its previous office within Dublin Airport.[117][118][119]

In April 2014, Ryanair confirmed that it had ordered five more aircraft to add to its fleet, four of them to be delivered in 2015 and the last one to be delivered in February 2016, to bring the number of aircraft on order to 180.[120]

In June 2014, Ryanair announced a campaign to re-invent itself as a more family-friendly airline. At the company's 2014 annual general meeting, CEO Michael O'Leary said that the airline needed to "stop unnecessarily pissing people off". Ryanair said up to 20% of its 81 million customers were travelling as families, and it wanted to raise that figure.[121] Service improvements included not charging customers for minor infractions of its bag policy and eliminating some "irksome charges and restrictions". This change in approach had an almost immediate positive effect on the company's finances.[122][123]

In the summer of 2014, Ryanair contracted AirExplore to operate some summer flights between London Stansted and Dublin airports.[124]

In September 2014, Ryanair agreed to purchase up to 200 Boeing 737 MAX 200 aircraft (100 confirmed and 100 options) for over $22 billion.[125][126]

In March 2016, Ryanair launched a corporate jet charter service, offering a Boeing 737-700 for corporate or group hire.[127][128]

In November 2016, Ryanair launched Ryanair Holidays, a package holiday service, in partnership with Spain-based tour operator Logitravel and accommodation provider World2Meet. The service was first launched in Ireland, the United Kingdom and Germany.[129][130] The service was discontinued in January 2019.[131]

In April 2017, Ryanair started issuing tickets for connecting flights, starting with a transfer hub in Rome Fiumicino Airport (FCO), meaning if a connection is missed, the customer will be rebooked at no extra cost and compensated according to the EU Flight Compensation Regulation.[132]

In September and October 2017, Ryanair cancelled between 40 and 50 flights per day, about 2% of total daily flights.[133] Flights were cancelled with very little notice, sometimes only hours before departure.[134] Ryanair said that the cancellations aimed "to improve its system-wide punctuality" which had dropped significantly in the first two weeks of September which the airline attributed to "ATC capacity delays and strikes, weather disruptions and the impact of increased holiday allocations to pilots and cabin crew." In subsequent statements, Ryanair acknowledged that it had "messed up" holiday schedules for pilots, including a change to the calendar year for how vacations were calculated.[135][136][137][138]

2017-2018: Abandonment of the single-airline strategy, union recognition

Ryanair had only operated with its Irish Air Operator's Certificate and solely under the Ryanair brand.[139] However, in April 2017, Ryanair announced that it would launch an independent Polish subsidiary in 2018, operating charter flights from Poland to Mediterranean destinations.[140] The subsidiary was branded Ryanair Sun and received its Polish Air Operator's Certificate in April 2018.[141] Initially, it had only one former Ryanair Boeing 737-800 and complemented its operation with wet-leased aircraft from its mother company. In late 2018, all Polish-based Ryanair aircraft were transferred to Ryanair Sun.[142] Ryanair Sun mainly operated scheduled flights on behalf of its parent company using Ryanair's FR flight numbers. Ryanair Sun was rebranded Buzz in 2019.[143][144]

In December 2017, to prevent strike actions before Christmas, Ryanair agreed to recognise pilots' unions for the first time.[145][146][147]

Ryanair UK was established in December 2017 "to protect itself from a hard Brexit".[148] Its first aircraft, re-registered as G-RUKA, was transferred from Ryanair DAC in 2018, with a second aircraft following in 2019. As of April 2023, Ryanair UK had 13 aircraft.

In March 2018, Ryanair acquired 25% of Austrian-based Laudamotion, founded by Niki Lauda, and later renamed "Lauda". Laudamotion was the successor of Niki, which had folded as a consequence of the Air Berlin demise. Ryanair later increased its stake in Laudamotion to 75% and then 100% in December 2018.[149][150][151]

In August 2018, to reduce plane turnaround time, Ryanair announced a baggage policy under which passengers must purchase "Priority Boarding" to carry on both a large and a small bag, capped by the capacity on the aircraft; previously there was no charge to carry on bags. The move came about after flights were delayed due to too much luggage at the boarding gate.[152] The move was mirrored by Wizz Air.[153]

In August 2018, pilots of Ryanair in Germany, Sweden, Ireland, Belgium and the Netherlands walked out for 24 hours, leading to the cancellation of 400 flights.[154]

On 26 September 2018, Ryanair was forced to cancel 150 flights scheduled for that day, accounting for roughly 6% of its total flights, due to strikes in Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Italy, and Germany. The British Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) urged the company to compensate the 2,400 affected passengers under EU Regulation 261, but Ryanair stated that it would refuse to accept any claims for compensation.[155] In December 2018, the Civil Aviation Authority took legal action against Ryanair over its refusal to compensate thousands of UK-based customers.[156] In April 2021, the High Court rejected Ryanair's claim that it was exempt from awarding compensation because the disruption was due to "extraordinary circumstances". The ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeal in February 2022.[157] In December 2022, Ryanair dropped its appeal to the Supreme Court, agreeing to pay claims for flights cancelled due to union-led industrial action.[158][159]

In June 2018, Ryanair signed a recognition agreement with Unite the Union to enable collective bargaining for 650 directly employed cabin crew operating out of Ryanair's UK bases.[160]

In August 2018, Ryanair reached a collective labour agreement with the Italian pilots' union.[161][162] It signed a deal with Italian cabin crew unions in September 2018.[163]

In September 2018, pilots, cabin crew and other staff called for a strike action due to the transition from workers being employed on Irish contracts and subject to Irish legislation to their own countries' labour laws, along with an issue in their pay. Due to the lobbying of the crew and walk-outs of pilots, the airline cancelled 250 flights, affecting around 40,000 passengers.[164][165]

In February 2019, the transition began from the airline Ryanair and its subsidiaries into separate airlines under the holding company.[166]

In May 2019, following the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, Ryanair initially reaffirmed its confidence in the aircraft and indicated that it would be ready to place an order once it had returned to service; it would seek a reduced price instead of cash compensation.[167][168][169]

In June 2019, Ryanair announced, together with the Government of Malta, that it would establish an airline called Malta Air (not to be confused with Air Malta), to consist of an initial fleet of 10 aircraft and assume the 61 flights currently operated by Ryanair to/from Malta. The fleet was registered in Malta while a new repair and maintenance hangar was also set up.[170][171] Ryanair transferred all its existing Maltese operations to the new airline.[172] Ryanair also transferred additional bases in Europe to the Maltese subsidiary due to a legal requirement for certain staff to pay tax in Ireland even though they did not live in Ireland.[173]

In August 2019, due to the transition inside the holdings company, each airline (Ryanair, LaudaMotion, Ryanair Sun and Ryanair UK) got its own CEO and management team.[166] Edward Wilson became the CEO of the airline Ryanair and Michael O'Leary became the Group CEO.[174][175][176]

2020: COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Ryanair laid off pilots and cabin crew and reduced its flight schedule.[177][178][179][180]

In September 2020, the airline threatened to end operations in Ireland unless the government lifted COVID-19 lockdowns including quarantine requirements.[181]

In April and May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, customers claimed that they were refused refunds for the flight cancellations, leading to a surge in complaints to the Commission for Aviation Regulation (CAR).[182][183]

In April 2020, the Italian Civil Aviation Authority threatened a ban of Ryanair due to alleged violation of COVID-19 regulations including the requirement for social distancing by leaving middle seats empty.[184][185][186]

In December 2020, Ryanair increased its order for Boeing 737 MAX 200 aircraft by 75, to a total of 210 aircraft, for delivery from early 2021 to December 2024.[187]

Ryanair sued governments that provided aid to state-owned airlines during the pandemic; it lost these lawsuits.[188]

2021-present

After delays due to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings, the first Boeing 737 MAX 200 was delivered to Ryanair in June 2021.[189] In July 2021, Ryanair handed back all of its leased Boeing 737 aircraft and announced plans to hand back its leased Airbus aircraft.[190]

In June 2022, after backlash, Ryanair cancelled a policy to make South Africans take a general knowledge test in the Afrikaans language before allowing them to board UK-bound flights as a means to verify that their passports were genuine. South Africa has 11 official languages of which Afrikaans is the 3rd most spoken with a prevalence of 12%. A majority of the population cannot understand Afrikaans and some refuse to speak it on principle, regarding it as the language of oppression during the apartheid era.[191][192][193]

In January 2023, the first Ryanair 737-800 to be retrofitted with split scimitar winglets entered service. The winglets reduce fuel burn by 1.5% and are to be fitted to all existing −800 aircraft in the Ryanair fleet.[194][195]

In July 2022, Ryanair extended its Airbus A320 leases to 2028.[196][197][198]

In May 2023, Ryanair ordered 300 Boeing 737 MAX 10 aircraft, with a total list price of €36.3 billion. The deal included 150 firm orders and options for 150 more with deliveries between 2027 and 2033, with plans to replace its 737-800 aircraft.[199][200] The order followed an 18-month public argument with Boeing over pricing, and Ryanair ultimately achieved a lower discount off list price than previous orders.[201]

Ryanair initiated a regular dividend in November 2023.[202]

In June 2024, pursuant to a call option, Ryanair purchased the golden share in Malta Air owned by the Government of Malta for €25,000.[203]

In June 2025, Ryanair signed a $500 million engine deal with CFM International[204] and in February 2026, Ryanair signed a multibillion-dollar services agreement with CFM to bring engine maintenance in-house to maintain its 2,000 CFM International engines.[205][206]

In August 2025, Ryanair reached a deal with Booking Holdings to allow the sale of Ryanair tickets by brands owned by Booking Holdings, resolving a 3-year legal dispute.[207]

In November 2025, Ryanair shut its "prime" discount service, launched in February 2025, because customers exploited its benefits too much. The service offered free seat selections, travel insurance, and fare sales for €79 per year.[208] Also that month, Ryanair began solely using digital boarding passes.[209][210]

Financials

The key trends for the Ryanair Group are (as of the financial year ending 31 March):[211][212]

Legal and regulatory issues

Employment issues

In 2011, a former Ryanair captain was awarded financial compensation by an employment tribunal in London after being fired for handing out a union form to a cabin crew member while on duty.[231]

In May 2014, Ryanair's office in Marseille was raided by French police investigating complaints that the company was failing to follow French employment law. Ryanair lodged a complaint.[232]

In May 2015, the Mayor of Copenhagen supported boycotting Ryanair and banned city employees from using the airline during working hours after Danish unions protested salary and working conditions.[233] After a court trial confirmed the unions' right to a strike action, Ryanair closed its operations in Denmark.[234]

In summer 2019, Ryanair attempted to block strike action by UK pilots through the courts, but the High Court allowed the strike over pay and working conditions to go ahead.[235]

In November 2025, Ryanair was denied permission to appeal against a judgement which ruled that a pilot who flew exclusively for the airline was a temporary worker and not a self-employed contractor. Ryanair used independent contractors as pilots to save costs.[236]

Passenger fees

Airport check-in

In May 2010, a Spanish customer brought a claim against Ryanair for unfair surcharges, claiming that the €40 surcharge on passengers who failed to print out a boarding card before arrival at the airport was unfair. In January 2011, judge ruled that Ryanair can neither demand passengers turn up at the airport with their boarding pass, nor charge them if they do not, and that the fines were abusive because aviation law obliges airlines to issue boarding passes.[237] Ryanair appealed the decision and the Appeals Court in Spain overturned the ruling in November 2011, holding that the surcharge complies with international law.[238]

Credit card surcharges

Ryanair has legally fought against regulations to ban credit card surcharges.[239] Ryanair uses a legal loophole to continue to charge credit card surcharges by allowing for payment with a very low frequency payment mechanism without a surcharge.[240]

Airport check-in

In May 2010, a Spanish customer brought a claim against Ryanair for unfair surcharges, claiming that the €40 surcharge on passengers who failed to print out a boarding card before arrival at the airport was unfair. In January 2011, judge ruled that Ryanair can neither demand passengers turn up at the airport with their boarding pass, nor charge them if they do not, and that the fines were abusive because aviation law obliges airlines to issue boarding passes.[237] Ryanair appealed the decision and the Appeals Court in Spain overturned the ruling in November 2011, holding that the surcharge complies with international law.[238]

Credit card surcharges

Ryanair has legally fought against regulations to ban credit card surcharges.[239] Ryanair uses a legal loophole to continue to charge credit card surcharges by allowing for payment with a very low frequency payment mechanism without a surcharge.[240]

Reneged on promotion to customer

In 2002, the High Court of Ireland in Dublin awarded Jane O'Keefe €67,500 damages and her costs after Ryanair reneged on a prize of free flights for life that she was awarded for being the airline's 1 millionth passenger in 1998.[241][242]

Treatment of disabled passengers

In 2002, Ryanair refused to provide wheelchairs for disabled passengers at London Stansted Airport, leading to lawsuits.[243] The airline argued that this provision was the responsibility of the airport authority, stating that wheelchairs were provided by 80 of the 84 Ryanair destination airports.[244] A court ruling in 2004 judged that the responsibility should be shared by the airline and the airport owners;[245] Ryanair responded by adding a surcharge of £0.50 to all its flight prices.[246]

In July 2012, a 69-year-old woman, Frances Duff, who has a colostomy, was refused permission to bring her medical kit on board, despite having a letter from her doctor explaining the need for her to carry this with her, and was asked by Ryanair boarding staff to lift her shirt in front of fellow passengers, to prove that she had a colostomy bag. Duff had previously attempted to contact Ryanair on three occasions to inquire about its policy regarding travellers' colostomy bags, but each time no one answered the phone after half an hour.[247]

Difficulty to contact customer service

An early day motion in the British Parliament put forward in July 2006 criticised Ryanair for its complex, predominantly online-only complaints process; it was signed by 57 members but tabled on 24 July 2006.[248]

Refusal to issue invoices for the VAT-exempt services

In 2017, the government of Portugal requested the intervention of the Tax and Customs Authority to force the company to issue invoices to passengers for the VAT-exempt services to allow them to claim tax refunds after passengers complained of difficulties in getting such invoices.[249]

Anti-trust issues

In December 2025, Italy's competition authority fined Ryanair €255 million for allegedly making it more difficult for travel agencies to offer flights by Ryanair in combination with flights from other airlines.[250]

Sales tactics

In February 2026, the Brussels Commercial Court ordered Ryanair to suspend "pressure selling" tactics on its website, including messages about seat scarcity and the urgency of purchasing tickets, promoting non-existent discounts, and hiding baggage charges.[251]

Publicity strategy

Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary has deliberately courted controversy using misleading advertising and outlandish comments to generate free publicity for the airline.[253]

In 2000, a Ryanair launched a provocative ad campaign headlined "Expensive BAstards!", which compared Ryanair prices with those of British Airways. British Airways disagreed with the price comparisons and brought legal action against Ryanair. The High Court sided with Ryanair, ordering BA to make a payment towards Ryanair's court costs. The judge ruled "The complaint amounts to this: that Ryanair exaggerated in suggesting BA is five times more expensive because BA is only three times more expensive."[254]

In the spring of 2001, a Ryanair advertisement used a picture of Manneken Pis, a famous Belgian statue of a urinating child, with the words: "Pissed off with Sabena's high fares? Low fares have arrived in Belgium." Sabena sued and the court ruled that the advertisements were misleading and offensive. Ryanair was ordered to discontinue the advertisements immediately or face fines. Ryanair was also obliged to publish an apology and publish the court decision on its website. Ryanair used the published apologies for further advertising, primarily for further price comparisons.[255][256]

In February 2004, a Ryanair advert depicted fireworks with the headline "Fawking great offers", leading to condemnation by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) for using offensive language in an advert.[257]

In August 2007, to promote its new flight routes to/from Belfast, an advertisement by Ryanair noted that "the company's fares are so low even the British army flew home". The advert showed Sinn Féin politicians Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams next to a speech bubble which said "Ryanair fares are so low even the British Army flew home". Michael Copeland stated that the advertisement was "insensitive, crass and made a clear political statement".[258][259][260] Ulster Unionists reacted angrily to the advertisement, while the Advertising Standards Authority said it did not believe the ad would cause widespread offence.[261]

In August 2007, Ryanair was ordered by the ASA to stop claiming that its flights from London to Brussels were faster than Eurostar, because the claim was misleading, due to the required travel times to the airports Ryanair served. Ryanair stood by its claims, noting that the flight time is shorter than the train trip and that travel time is also required to reach Eurostar stations.[262][263]

In the fall of 2007, an advertisement published in UK newspapers depicted a model dressed as a schoolgirl accompanied by the words "Hottest back to school fares". The ASA instructed the airline to withdraw the advertisement in the United Kingdom, saying that it "appeared to link teenage girls with sexually provocative behaviour and was irresponsible and likely to cause serious or widespread offence". Ryanair said that it would "not be withdrawing this ad" and would "not provide the ASA with any of the undertakings they seek", on the basis that it found it absurd that "a picture of a fully clothed model is now claimed to cause 'serious or widespread offence' when many of the UK's leading daily newspapers regularly run pictures of topless or partially dressed females without causing any serious or widespread offence".[264]

In February 2008, a French court ordered Ryanair to pay damages of €1 to Nicolas Sarkozy and €60,000 to Carla Bruni for using their picture in an advertisement with a cartoon bubble above Bruni reading: "With Ryanair, my whole family can come to my wedding." The funds were donated to Restaurants du Cœur.[265]

In April 2008, Ryanair was found by the UK Office of Fair Trading to have breached advertising rules seven times in two years.[266]

From 2008 to 2014, Ryanair published and sold on its flights a charity calendar using female cabin crew as models,[267] raising money for homeless charity Dublin Simon Community in 2009,[268] KIDS (a charity for disabled children and their families) in 2010,[269][270][271] and the Teenage Cancer Trust in 2014. It was strongly criticised by the National Women's Council of Ireland (NWCI).[272] In December 2013, an advertising campaign for it was prohibited by Spain following complaints.[273][274] The airline stopped publishing the calendar after the 2014 edition.[275]

In February 2009, Ryanair CEO Michael O'Leary commented that the company was considering charging passengers £1 to use the toilet on its flights. O'Leary admitted that it was a publicity stunt saying "It is not likely to happen, but it makes for interesting and very cheap PR."[276][277]

Also that year, to generate publicity, Ryanair proposed eliminating two toilets to add six more seats,[278] redesigning the aircraft to allow standing passengers travelling in "vertical seats",[279] charging extra for overweight passengers,[280] and asking passengers to carry their checked-in luggage to the aircraft.[281]

In July 2009, Ryanair took several steps to "increase the clarity and transparency of its website and other advertising" after reaching an agreement with the OFT. A statement that "fares don't include optional fees/charges" was added to the website along with a table of fees to make fare comparisons easier.[282]

In July 2010, Ryanair circulated advertisements in two newspapers offering £10 one-way fares to European destinations. However, the offer was available only on a few dates and excluded fees and charges. Following a complaint from EasyJet, the ASA ruled the offer was "likely to mislead".[283][284]

In April 2011, Ryanair advertised tickets to "a place in the sun destinations" for £8 each, but the advert was banned when it was found that some of the destinations to where the discounted fares applied experienced sunshine for as little as three hours per day and temperatures between 0 and 14 C.[285]

In 2016, Ryanair stated that websites such as Opodo and CheapOair and their partners engaged in screen scraping and false advertising, and attempted to prevent them from showing Ryanair data.[286]

In February 2020, the ASA told Ryanair to provide adequate evidence to support environmental claims after the ASA banned adverts that claimed Ryanair was "Europe's… Lowest Emissions Airline" for being misleading. Ryanair had claimed in the adverts that the company had "the lowest carbon emissions of any major airline" and it was a "low emissions airline" based on Europe's top 27 airlines. Ryanair cited data from Eurocontrol and airline efficiency rankings from Brighter Plant from 2011; the ASA said that an efficiency ranking from 2011 was "of little value as substantiation for a comparison made in 2019". The ASA said that customers would interpret the adverts as saying that flying with Ryanair would mean they contributed fewer emissions to the earth atmosphere, which could not be proven and that the "ads must not appear again in their current forms".[287][288]

In late 2020, the airline faced criticism over its "jab and go" advert, implying that people can fly without a mask after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) ordered the company to remove the adverts, which it called "irresponsible", after receiving 2,370 complaints, the third highest ever received for an advert.[289][290][291]

Just after the 2020 United States presidential election, Ryanair engaged in trolling against Donald Trump, posting that "Trump declaring victory this early is like disembarking before the plane has landed." The company also noted that Eric Trump had "the look of a man who might not have access to Air Force One in the future and will have to fly commercial", advertising its discounts within Europe.[292]

In January 2026, the company spat with Elon Musk over the costs, including fuel drag, of installing antennas by Starlink, which is majority-owned by Musk. Musk mused about buying the airline, while Ryanair launched a fare sale dedicated to Musk called the "idiot" sale, and O'Leary claimed that the spat increased bookings and resulted in a "wonderful boost in publicity"; he offered Musk a free ticket on Ryanair as a gesture of thanks.[293][294][295]

Environmental record

In 2018, Ryanair became the first airline and the only company excluding fossil fuel power stations to be among the 10 companies with the most greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union. That year, Ryanair had an emission equivalent of 9.9 megatonnes of CO2. Emissions had risen by 49% over five years. Environmentalists said that the aviation was undertaxed.[296]

In 2025, Ryanair was ranked the second most-efficient airline worldwide by Passenger per available seat kilometer.[297][298]

Destinations

Ryanair operates 3,500 short-haul flights per day serving approximately 230 airports in over 40 countries in Europe as well as Morocco, Jordan, and Turkey.[1][10] Ryanair has a significant presence in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It operates to more destinations in Italy than anywhere else, with fourteen bases and nine non-base airports. Ryanair also serves vacation destinations such as Sicily, the Canary Islands, Cyprus, the Greek Islands, and Malta.

Ryanair's largest base is at London-Stansted, followed by its home base at Dublin Airport.[299]

To save money on landing fees and turnaround time, Ryanair uses many smaller or secondary airports.[300] Examples include Paris Beauvais,[301] Hahn Airport,[302] and Rome Ciampino.

Major airports served by Ryanair include Amsterdam-Schiphol, Athens, Barcelona-El Prat, Berlin-Brandenburg, Brussels Airport, Bucharest-Otopeni, Budapest, Copenhagen, Dublin, Lisbon, London-Stansted, Madrid, Manchester, Marseille, Oslo-Gardermoen, Rome-Fiumicino, and Stockholm-Arlanda.

When Ryanair negotiates with airport operators, it demands very low landing and handling fees, as well as financial assistance with marketing and promotional campaigns.[303] Ryanair also initiates flights between airports that have cheap operating costs, not necessarily based on market research, and will try to generate demand that did not previously exist.

Ryanair flies in a point-to-point transit model rather than a spoke-hub distribution paradigm model, where the passengers have to change aircraft in transit at a major airport.[304] In April 2017, Ryanair began selling connecting flights, starting with a new transfer hub in Rome Fiumicino Airport (FCO).[305]

Routes history

Ryanair launched a base of operation at Brussels South Charleroi Airport in February 2001.[306]

In April 2006, Ryanair withdraw its Dublin–Cardiff route, claiming high airport charges.[307]

In April 2006, Ryanair was forced to give up flights from Rome Ciampino by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority (ENAC).[308] Its route to/from Alghero was allocated to Air One, as a public service obligation (PSO) route.[309] Other routes were taken, with ENAC citing complaints from residents of congestion and noise. Ryanair successfully appealed the decision in Italian courts in November 2007.[310]

In February 2009, Ryanair increased routes to/from Hahn Airport after the airport ended plans to introduce a €3 per passenger departure fee.[311]

In October 2009, Ryanair cut the number of its flights out of Shannon Airport by 75% beginning April 2010, with the loss of 150 jobs.[312]

In June 2010, Ryanair cut its Dublin flights by 15% for the following winter, blaming a tourist tax by the Irish government for a decline in demand.[313]

In August 2010, Ryanair announced its first-ever Bulgarian destination, connecting Plovdiv with London Stansted.[314]

In late 2010, Ryanair began withdrawing all routes from its smallest base, Belfast City, and made further cuts to its routes to/from Shannon due to increased airport fees.[315]

In the summer of 2014, the airline opened bases in Athens, Lisbon, Brussels, and Rome.[217]

Ryanair began service to/from Milan Malpensa Airport in December 2015, initially with one aircraft.[316]

In November 2015, Ryanair launched flights to Israel.[317] In September 2025, Ryanair suspended the flights after Ben Gurion Airport refused to confirm summer 2026 slots or guarantee access to its low-cost terminal.[318]

In December 2014, Ryanair announced plans to open its a base in 2015 in the Azores.[319]

In February 2016, Ryanair closed its operations in Alghero and Pescara due to a 40% increase in passenger taxes.[320]

In June 2016, Ryanair withdrew over half of its flights from Rygge Airport in Norway. The airport, which was privately owned, shut down shortly thereafter due to the lack of remaining volume.[321]

In February 2018, Ryanair cut flights and eliminated its base at Glasgow Airport due to the Scottish Government not abolishing or reducing passenger taxes.[322]

In December 2020, Ryanair announced a base at Venice Treviso.[323]

In March 2021, Ryanair reopened its base in Zadar and announced a base in Zagreb.[324]

In April 2021, Ryanair increased flights to/from Manchester.[325]

In November 2021, Ryanair opened a base in Riga.[326]

In October 2021, Ryanair announced a base in Venice Marco Polo Airport.[327]

In autumn 2021, Ryanair began flights to/from Stockholm Arlanda.[328]

In January 2022, Ryanair announced that it would close its base at Frankfurt Airport in a row over fees, with the loss of 17 routes.[329]

In December 2023, Ryanair announced a $1.4 billion investment in Morocco for its summer 2024 schedule including over 1,100 weekly flights on 175 routes, including 35 new routes.[330]

In September 2024, Ryanair announced 10 additional routes to/from in Sweden after Sweden's right-wing government ended an aviation tax implemented in 2018 by the then-ruling centre-left government to raise the cost of carbon emissions.[331]

In January 2025, Ryanair announced five new routes to/from Abruzzo Airport: Wrocław, Cagliari, Valencia and Kaunas beginning June 2025.[332]

In March 2025, in response to a new aviation tax by the Danish government, Ryanair closed the base in Billund and terminated operations at Aalborg.[333]

In June 2025, Ryanair launched additional routes to/from Bournemouth.[334]

In September 2025, Ryanair announced new routes to/from Trapani.[335]

In October 2025, Ryanair restarted flights to Jordan.[336]

In November 2025, Ryanair lost two landing slots at Eindhoven airport due to repeatedly late flights.[337]

In January 2026, after the German government reduced airport fees, the company reinstated many routes in Germany.[338] Also in January 2026, Ryanair announced a 10% reduction in flights to/from Charleroi due to the implementation of a €3 per ticket passenger tax.[339]

In January 2026, Ryanair added new routes to/from Tirana.[340]

In February 2026, Ryanair added routes to/from Malta, bringing its total number of destinations served from Malta to 70 and its projected total number of passengers transported to Malta to 6 million.[341]

In April 2026, Ryanair cut flights to/from Spain and Portugal, primarily at smaller airports, citing airport charges set by ANA Aeroportos de Portugal as well as environmental taxes linked to the European Union Emissions Trading System and a €2 travel tax.[342]

Fleet

Current fleet

As of February 2026, Ryanair and its subsidiaries operates the following aircraft:[343][344]

Historic fleet

Ryanair has operated the following types of aircraft in the past:

Safety incidents

  • On 21 March 2008, Ryanair Flight 1216 skidded off the runway while landing in Limoges. The weather at the time was poor. Emergency slides were deployed and an emergency evacuation announced.[358][359]
  • On 10 November 2008, bird strikes damaged both engines on the approach of Ryanair Flight 4102 from Frankfurt–Hahn Airport, forcing an emergency landing at Rome–Ciampino Airport.[358] Two crew members and eight passengers were taken to hospital with minor injuries.[360] The port undercarriage of the Boeing 737-800 collapsed,[361] leaving the aircraft stranded on the runway and closing the airport for over 35 hours.[360] The rear fuselage, engines, and undercarriage were damaged.[362] The aircraft involved was damaged beyond repair and was scrapped. The National Agency for the Safety of Flight released an investigation report on the incident in 2018.[363][364]
  • On 26 July 2012, three Ryanair aircraft inbound to Madrid–Barajas Airport were asked to circle above Valencia due to thunderstorms. After circling for approximately one hour, the pilots asked to land in Valencia because they were running out of fuel. An investigation found that while the aircrafts did fly with the legal minimum of fuel, they did not have enough fuel for a contingency, such as being required to circle in the air for an extra hour.[365][366][367][368] In an interview broadcast by Katholieke Radio Omroep (KRO), four anonymous Ryanair pilots claimed they were being pressured to carry as little fuel as possible on board to cut costs. Ryanair and its CEO Michael O'Leary denied the allegations and sued KRO.[369] In April 2014, the Dutch Court found that KRO had provided sufficient evidence in two television episodes of Mayday, Mayday broadcast in 2012 and 2013 to back the claims in respect of Ryanair's fuel policy and "fear culture". It also found that Ryanair had been given a right to reply in response to the claims. The broadcast of the programmes was found to be in the public interest. Ryanair was ordered to pay the legal costs of the case.[370] Ryanair appealed the case[371] and sued a pilot for defamation.[372] The incident was the subject of a documentary on Apple TV.[373]
  • On 23 May 2021, Ryanair Flight 4978 from Athens to Vilnius was forced to land at Minsk National Airport by the Belarussian government while it was in Belarusian airspace, using the pretense of a false bomb threat. Belarussian opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend, who were wanted by the Belarussian government, were onboard; they were arrested upon landing. The landing was personally ordered by president Alexander Lukashenko and was forced by a Belarusian Air Force MiG-29 fighter aircraft.[374][375][376][377] Belarusian opposition leader Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya called for an ICAO investigation of the incident.[378] After the incident, airlines began avoiding Belarussian airspace.[379]
  • On 3 October 2024, Ryanair Flight 8826 operating from Brindisi to Turin caught fire before take-off; the passengers were evacuated and Brindisi Airport was closed for three hours. Italian lawmakers, who cited multiple incidents involving Ryanair in 2024, demanded an investigation into the company's safety practices by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority (ENAC) and a parliamentary hearing with the authority's leaders.[380][381] Italian MEPs Flavio Tosi, Salvatore De Meo, Giusi Princi, Massimiliano Salini, Caterina Chinnici, Letizia Moratti, and Marco Falcone requested that the European Union Aviation Safety Agency take action.[382]

Gallery

See also

Further reading

Further viewing

External links

References

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  126. Boeing, Ryanair Finalize Order for 100 737 MAX 200s Boeing, 1 December 2014^
  127. Ryanair launches new corporate jet charter service RTÉ, 9 March 2016^
  128. Julia Kollewe. Ryanair launches corporate jet service The Guardian, 9 March 2016^
  129. Emma Munbodh. Ryanair launch new package holiday service offering "lowest prices" in the industry – as the airline takes on likes of Thomas Cook Daily Mirror, 1 December 2016^
  130. Gwyn Topham. Ryanair launches package holiday service The Guardian, 1 December 2016^
  131. Charlie Taylor. Sun comes down on Ryanair Holidays as airline closes service Irish Times, 15 January 2019^
  132. Ryanair to Embrace Connecting Flights in Move Toward Hub Model Bloomberg News, 6 April 2017^
  133. Ryanair to cancel 40–50 flights per day for six weeks BBC News, 16 September 2017^
  134. Ryanair to cancel 40–50 flights per day for six weeks to improve punctuality and give staff leave Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 17 September 2017^
  135. Ryanair cancels flights after 'messing up' pilot holidays BBC News, 17 September 2017^
  136. Bemjamin Katz. Ryanair Cancels 82 Flights After It 'Messed Up' Crew's Time Off Bloomberg News, 16 September 2017^
  137. Ryanair reveals Sunday's cancelled flights – including eight to and from Dublin Irish Independent, 16 September 2017^
  138. Simon Calder. Around 30,000 Ryanair passengers have had their weekend travel plans wrecked by short-notice flight cancellations. The Independent, 16 September 2017^
  139. Thomas Haynes. 35 Years of Ryanair – the Airline You Love to Hate Key.Aero, 23 July 2020^
  140. Mart Dwyer. Ryanair Announce New Charter Airline – Ryanair Sun Flying in Ireland, 4 April 2017^
  141. Grażyna Szypuła. Startują nowe linie czarterowe – Ryanair Sun 12 April 2018^
  142. Ryanair turns Polish pilots into precarious workers Financial Times^
  143. David Kaminski-Morrow. Ryanair resurrects Buzz brand for Polish airline operation FlightGlobal, 14 March 2019^
  144. Victoria Moores. Ryanair Rebrands Its Polish Airline ‘Buzz’ Aviation Week & Space Technology, 15 March 2019^
  145. Barry O'Halloran. Trade union insists Ryanair offer direct employment to pilots The Irish Times, 20 September 2018^
  146. Gwyn Topham. Ryanair to recognise unions to prevent pilots' strike before Christmas The Guardian, 15 December 2017^
  147. Amie Tsang. Ryanair, Europe’s Cut-Price Behemoth, Agrees to Recognize Pilot Unions for First Time The New York Times, 17 December 2017^
  148. Will Martin. Ryanair is applying for a UK aviation licence to protect itself from a hard Brexit Business Insider, 3 January 2018^
  149. Oliver Smith. Thousands of travellers hit as Austria's second-largest airline ceases trading The Daily Telegraph, 14 December 2017^
  150. Ryanair steigt bei Laudamotion ein Süddeutsche Zeitung, 20 March 2018^
  151. Francois Murphy. Ryanair acquires remaining quarter of Austria's Laudamotion Reuters, 29 January 2019^
  152. Gwyn Topham. Ryanair: cabin baggage rule change means small suitcases no longer free The Guardian, 24 August 2018^
  153. Katie Grant. Low-cost carrier Wizz Air follows Ryanair in cutting hand luggage allowance The i Paper, 2 July 2018^
  154. Ryanair strike: One in six flights cancelled in pilot walkout 10 August 2018^
  155. Ryanair urged to compensate passengers BBC News, 26 September 2018^
  156. Ryanair customer claims to go to court BBC News, 5 December 2018^
  157. Simon Calder. Ryanair must compensate passengers grounded by 2018 pilots strike, court rules The Independent, 2 February 2022^
  158. Samantha Mayling. Ryanair drops appeal against ruling about compensation Travel Weekly, 13 December 2022^
  159. Sarah Taaffe-Maguire. Ryanair strikes: Passengers can be compensated for 2018 flight cancellations, airline agrees Sky News, 12 December 2022^
  160. Unite signs historic recognition agreement with Ryanair Unite the Union, 11 June 2018^
  161. Ryanair Italian pilot union approves labour agreement The Irish Times, 28 August 2018^
  162. Mark Armstrong. Ryanair reaches agreement with Italian union Euronews, 28 August 2018^
  163. Ryanair signs deals with Italian cabin crew unions France 24, 25 September 2018^
  164. Ryanair strike: 250 flights cancelled in walkout The Independent, 28 September 2018^
  165. Simon Calder. New Ryanair strike grounds hundreds of planes across Europe The Independent, 28 September 2018^
  166. Ivan Natalet. Ryanair to transition to group structure in 2019 ch-aviation, 6 February 2019^
  167. Max Kingsley Jones. Ryanair ready to place more 737 Max orders: O'Leary FlightGlobal, 24 May 2019^
  168. David Kaminski-Morrow. Ryanair warns of base cuts over 737 Max delays FlightGlobal, 16 July 2019^
  169. Victoria Bryan. Boeing needs to get its [act] together: Ryanair chief FlightGlobal, 29 July 2019^
  170. Ryanair to set up a new airline based in Malta Times of Malta, 9 June 2019^
  171. Ryanair to establish an airline in Malta AVIATOR.aero, 9 June 2019^
  172. Malta Air – Ryanair's new Malta-based airline officially established in Malta Government of Malta, 11 June 2019^
  173. Yannick Pace. Ryanair had warned Ireland it would leave if tax laws weren’t amended Malta Today, 16 June 2019^
  174. Humphries. Ryanair veteran Wilson to run main airline as O'Leary becomes group CEO Reuters, 30 August 2019^
  175. Barry O'Halloran. Ryanair appoints Eddie Wilson as CEO of airline The Irish Times, 30 August 2019^
  176. Ryanair appoints Eddie Wilson as CEO of airline RTÉ, 30 August 2019^
  177. Bethan Stathon. Ryanair's O'Leary warns of more job losses in the event of deepening crisis Financial Times, 26 July 2020^
  178. Phillip Georgiadis. Ryanair scales back winter schedule as bookings fall Financial Times, 15 October 2020^
  179. Ryanair December Passenger Numbers Drop 83% Year-on-year Travel Radar, 6 January 2021^
  180. Emma Munbodh. Ryanair tells passengers they won't get cash refunds until after coronavirus crisis Daily Mirror, 23 April 2020^
  181. Joanna Whitehead. Ryanair threatens to leave Ireland unless government lifts travel restrictions The Independent, 4 September 2020^
  182. Conor Pope. Surge in complaints to watchdog over airlines' refunds delay The Irish Times, 24 April 2020^
  183. Ryanair struggles on without state aid, but still well placed to fly high again Deutsche Welle, 18 May 2020^
  184. Italian aviation authority threatens to ban Ryanair for breaking Covid-19 rules The Local, 5 August 2020^
  185. A ban on middle seats? Not according to Ryanair! Travel Radar, 24 April 2020^
  186. Rob Davies. Ryanair boss says airline won't fly with 'idiotic' social distancing rules The Guardian, 22 April 2020^
  187. Thomas Pallini. Ryanair just placed a massive order for more Boeing 737 Max jets intended to cram as many passengers into a plane as possible Business Insider, 3 December 2020^
  188. Document 62020TA0238 17 February 2021^
  189. Padraic Halpin. Ryanair ends long wait for 'gamechanger' Boeing 737 MAX jet Reuters, 17 June 2021^
  190. Graham Dunn. Ryanair to have at least 60 Max aircraft in time for next summer FlightGlobal, 26 July 2021^
  191. Ryanair Afrikaans test: South African fury over language quiz BBC News, 6 June 2022^
  192. Ryanair Afrikaans test: Airline drops controversial South African quiz BBC News, 14 June 2022^
  193. Tamara Hardingham-Gill. Ryanair abandons controversial Afrikaans test for South African travellers CNN, 15 June 2022^
  194. David Kaminski-Morrow. Ryanair to retrofit scimitar winglets on 737-800 fleet to cut fuel-burn FlightGlobal, 7 November 2022^
  195. Alan Dron. Ryanair Group Begins Its Boeing 737NG Fleet Winglet Retrofit Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 23, 2023^
  196. Kurt Hofmann. Ryanair To Extend A320 Leases Another Four Years Aviation Week & Space Technology, 13 July 2022^
  197. David Kaminski-Morrow. Ryanair retains Lauda A320 leases as renewal options dry up FlightGlobal, 25 July 2022^
  198. Jan Gruber. Lauda Europe extends A320 leasing contracts until 2028 Aviation.Direct, 13 July 2022^
  199. Barry O'Halloran. Ryanair orders 300 new Boeing 737 Max 10 jets worth more than €36bn The Irish Times, 9 May 2023^
  200. Daniel McCoy. Budget airline Ryanair places giant Boeing 737 Max order American City Business Journals, 9 May 2023^
  201. Valerie Insinna, Padraic Halpin, Tim Hepher. Ryanair places major Boeing order after jet price truce Reuters, 9 May 2023^
  202. Chris Bryant. Ryanair Is Making Too Much Money Bloomberg News, 6 November 2023^
  203. Aleksa Spanjovic. Maltese gov't sells golden share of Malta Air to Ryanair ch-aviation, 4 June 2025^
  204. Brian Planalp. CFM International, Ryanair announce $500M engine deal American City Business Journals, 11 June 2025^
  205. Ian Johnston. Ryanair signs multibillion-dollar deal to bring engine maintenance in-house Financial Times, 10 February 2026^
  206. Tim Hepher, Gianluca Lo Nostro. Ryanair signs major parts deal with engine maker CFM Reuters, 10 February 2026^
  207. Conor Humphries. Ryanair and Booking.com reach tickets deal after long legal dispute Reuters, 26 August 2025^
  208. Lisa O’Carroll. Ryanair closes frequent flyers club after members take advantage of discounts The Guardian, 28 November 2025^
  209. Cillian Sherlock. Ryanair chief Michael O’Leary defends switch to digital boarding passes Irish Examiner, 25 September 2025^
  210. Pól Ó Conghaile. Ryanair announces November date for move to 100pc paperless boarding passes Irish Independent, 24 September 2025^
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  221. Ryanair Financial Results 2019 Ryanair, May 2019^
  222. Ryanair 2020 Financial report (Year ending 31st March 2020) 31 March 2020^
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  231. Ryanair pilot sacked for handing our union form wins compensation Daily Mirror, 23 March 2011^
  232. Philip Oltermann, Kim Willsher. Ryanair lodges formal complaint after French police raid Marseilles offices The Guardian, 23 May 2014^
  233. Frank Jensen: Ansatte i København benytter ikke Ryanair DR, 16 May 2015^
  234. David Crouch. Ryanair closes Denmark operation to head off union row The Guardian, 17 July 2015^
  235. Ryanair loses court battle to block UK pilot strikes BBC News, 21 August 2019^
  236. Victory for workers’ rights as Supreme Court denies Ryanair 'temporary worker' pilot appeal British Airline Pilots' Association, 11 November 2025^
  237. Giles Tremlett. Judge tells Ryanair that forcing passengers to print boarding passes is illegal The Guardian, 14 January 2011^
  238. Spanish court deems Ryanair €40 boarding card fee legal TheJournal.ie, 11 October 2011^
  239. Ryanair ready for the fight to keep 'excessive' card charges The Scotsman, 24 December 2011^
  240. John Dunne. Ryanair branded "puerile and childish" over credit card charges City A.M., 4 January 2010^
  241. Damages awarded to Ryanair passenger Raidió Teilifís Éireann, 19 June 2002^
  242. Mark Sage. Ryanair ordered to pay damages for reneging on 'free flights' offer to millionth customer The Independent, 20 June 2002^
  243. Ryanair loses appeal over wheelchair claim Irish Times, 21 December 2004^
  244. Disabled man wins case against Ryanair The Guardian, 30 January 2004^
  245. Geoff Adams-Spink. Wheelchair users' rights upheld BBC News, 21 December 2004^
  246. Paul Marston. Ryanair adds 50p levy after losing wheelchair battle The Daily Telegraph, 31 January 2004^
  247. 69-year-old woman "humiliated" by Ryanair over colostomy bag ordeal TheJournal.ie, 20 July 2012^
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  249. Nuno Miguel Ropio. Fisco não consegue obrigar Ryanair a passar faturas Jornal de Notícias, 3 September 2019^
  250. Giulia Segreti. Italy antitrust regulator fines Ryanair $300 million over dealings with travel agencies Reuters, 23 December 2025^
  251. Bruno G. Santos. Ryanair fined for misleading practices The Portugal News, 9 February 2026^
  252. Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith. Ryanair's Michael O'Leary: 'Short of committing murder, bad publicity sells more seats' Campaign, 1 August 2013^
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  254. Simon Bowers. Ryanair on a victory roll as judge swears advert attacking BA is honest and fair The Guardian, 6 December 2000^
  255. ROBERT LEA. Ryanair puts its price on apology This is Money, 10 July 2001^
  256. Ryanair loses ad campaign court battle The Irish Times, 11 July 2001^
  257. Ryanair advert dubbed 'offensive' BBC News, 4 February 2004^
  258. New Ryanair Army advert 'crass' BBC News, 14 August 2007^
  259. Emily Moulton. Ryanair ad 'scraping the barrel': MLA Belfast Telegraph, 14 August 2007^
  260. Jim O'Sullivan. Budget advertising: How Ryanair does it on the fly Irish Examiner, 31 December 2007^
  261. Jennifer Whitehead. Ryanair escapes censure over Sinn Féin Army gag Campaign, 7 November 2007^
  262. Ryanair's Eurostar claim banned BBC News, 21 August 2007^
  263. Ryanair rapped over Eurostar claims RTÉ, 22 August 2007^
  264. Ryanair schoolgirl ad criticised BBC News, 30 January 2008^
  265. Thierry Leveque, James Mackenzie. Sarkozy, Bruni win damages over Ryanair ad Reuters, 5 February 2008^
  266. Ryanair faces probe over adverts BBC News, 9 April 2008^
  267. Anthea McTeirnan. Final destination for Ryanair's Calendar girls The Irish Times, 2 October 2014^
  268. Just four Irish apply for 'Girls of Ryanair' calendar Belfast Telegraph, 12 November 2008^
  269. John Plummer. Ryanair calendar to benefit children's charity Kids Third Sector, 11 November 2009^
  270. Has Ryanair pushed its 2010 calendar too far Lucire, 13 November 2009^
  271. Sexy Ryanair charity stewardess calendar Who said budget airlines meant no frills flying Bild, 13 November 2009^
  272. Ryanair hisser på seg kvinnegruppe Dagbladet, 15 November 2009^
  273. Ashifa Kassam. Girls of Ryanair calendar campaign censured in Spain The Guardian, 11 December 2013^
  274. George Mills. 'Sexist' Ryanair calendar ads too racy for Spain The Local, 11 December 2013^
  275. Anthea McTeirnan. Final destination for Ryanair’s Calendar girls The Irish Times, 2 October 2014^
  276. Ronan McGreevy. Charging for toilets PR stunt, says Ryanair boss The Irish Times, 7 March 2009^
  277. Ryanair toilet charge is no joke, insists O'Leary The Guardian, 5 March 2009^
  278. Alistair Osborne. Ryanair's 'lose loos' strategy typifies its win, win focus on low fares The Daily Telegraph, 2 June 2009^
  279. Ben Leach. Ryanair to make passengers stand The Daily Telegraph, 6 July 2009^
  280. Ryanair considers 'fat tax' for obese air passengers The Daily Telegraph, 22 April 2009^
  281. David Millward. Passengers may have to load their own bags onto Ryanair flights The Daily Telegraph, 3 June 2009^
  282. Susan Barty, Susie Carr. OFT Publishes The Results Of Its Investigation Into Ryanair's Advertising Practices Mondaq, 10 July 2009^
  283. Ryanair reprimanded for 'misleading' advertisements BBC News, 14 July 2010^
  284. Ryanair Reprimanded for ‘misleading’ advertisements The Malta Independent, 15 July 2010^
  285. Ryanair's bikini advert banned by ASA BBC News, 27 April 2011^
  286. Kevin May. Ryanair and Momondo fall out over links to fare screen scrapers Phocuswire, 23 November 2016^
  287. Céimin Burke. Ryanair's low emissions claims ruled misleading by UK ad watchdog TheJournal.ie, 5 February 2020^
  288. Russell Hotten. Ryanair rapped over low emissions claims BBC News, 5 February 2020^
  289. Ryanair Forced to Pull Controversial 'Jab and Go' Ad Campaign The Independent, 25 January 2021^
  290. Mark Sweney. Ryanair 'jab and go' TV ad banned for encouraging Covid risk-taking The Guardian, 3 February 2021^
  291. Ryanair rapped over 'misleading' Covid adverts BBC News, 3 February 2021^
  292. Helen Coffey. Ryanair trolls Donald Trump after US election defeat The Independent, 9 November 2020^
  293. Una Hajdari. 'Big Idiot' boost: Ryanair cashes in as Musk feud takes off on X Euronews, 21 January 2026^
  294. Lauren Almeida. Ryanair says it could use Starlink in future despite Elon Musk feud The Guardian, 26 January 2026^
  295. Rory McGinn. O’Leary offers Musk a free Ryanair ticket to thank him for the upsurge in sales following the spat on X Irish Independent, 21 January 2026^
  296. Arthur Neslen. 'Ryanair is the new coal': airline enters EU's top 10 emitters list The Guardian, 1 April 2019^
  297. Scoot, Qatar, and Ryanair top Cirium global airline emissions rankings in 2025 Cirium, 15 April 2026^
  298. John Mulligan. Ryanair has lowest CO2 emissions among world’s biggest airlines Irish Independent, 8 July 2025^
  299. Airline In Focus: Ryanair Aviation Week & Space Technology, 13 October 2022^
  300. Peter Westberg. How Ryanair's Relentless Cost-Cutting Redefined the Airline Industry Quartr, 4 March 2024^
  301. "Paris" Beauvais Airport, France – The 10 Worst Airport Terminals Slideshow at Frommer's Frommers.com^
  302. Expanding summer flight schedule 2025 at Hahn Airport Hahn Airport, 17 June 2025^
  303. Steve Playle. Time to take flight from these Ryanair add-ons The Guardian, 16 July 2009^
  304. Chiara Morlotti, Sebastian Birolini, Mattia Cattaneo, Renato Redondi. Introducing connecting flights in LCCs' business model: Ryanair's network strategy Journal of Air Transport Management, August 2020^
  305. Ryanair extends connecting-flights service to Porto FlightGlobal, 7 November 2017^
  306. Cathal Hanley. Ryanair confirms Charleroi as European hub Irish Times, 28 February 2001^
  307. Cardiff to Dublin flight is ended BBC News, 25 April 2006^
  308. EasyJet and Ryanair fight ENAC ban FlightGlobal, 25 April 2006^
  309. Ryanair to appeal Italy court ruling RTE, 26 January 2007^
  310. Gavin Jones. Ryanair's Rome flight cuts appeal accepted Reuters, 7 November 2007^
  311. Jens Flottau. Ryanair Launches New Routes From Hahn, Germany Aviation Week & Space Technology, 26 February 2009^
  312. 150 jobs to go as Ryanair cuts Shannon flights RTÉ, 30 October 2009^
  313. Ryanair blames 'tourist tax' as airline cuts winter flights Belfast Telegraph, 9 July 2010^
  314. Райън еър обявяват официално стъпването си в Пловдив тази сряда plovdiv24.bg, 2 August 2010^
  315. Jimmy Woulfe. O'Leary claims Shannon dying on its feet as Ryanair cuts flights by 21% The Irish Examiner, 9 September 2010^
  316. Ryanair lands at Milan’s Malpensa Airport Medi Telegraph, 3 September 2015^
  317. Ryanair to launch flights to Israel Financial Times, 7 July 2015^
  318. Yadarisa Shabong, Steven Scheer. Ryanair halts low-fare winter flights to Tel Aviv over terminal dispute Reuters, 30 September 2025^
  319. Richard Maslen. Ryanair Confirms Ponta Delgada Base after Azores Liberalisation Aviation Week & Space Technology, 9 December 2014^
  320. Richard Maslen. Ryanair closes Alghero and Pescara bases due to local tax hike Aviation Week & Space Technology, February 8, 2016^
  321. Kelly Phillips. Ryanair Announces Closure, Cancellations In Response To Norwegian Tax Forbes, 1 June 2016^
  322. Ryanair to close its base at Glasgow Airport The Irish Times, 27 February 2018^
  323. Graham Dunn. Ryanair cements Italian presence with Venice Treviso base FlightGlobal, 4 December 2020^
  324. Graham Dunn. Ryanair to open Zagreb base as part of Croatian expansion FlightGlobal, 30 March 2021^
  325. Joel Leaver. Ryanair and Jet2 issue major updates on flights from Manchester Airport and other UK destinations Daily Post, 23 April 2021^
  326. Ryanair opens a new base and doubles its number of destinations from Riga Airport Riga Airport, 11 November 2021^
  327. Aaron Karp. Ryanair, Wizz Air To Open Venice Marco Polo Aircraft Bases Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7 October 2021^
  328. Ryanair to start flying from Arlanda this autumn The Local, 6 May 2021^
  329. Kurt Hoffman. Ryanair To Close Frankfurt Base, Citing Rising Charges Aviation Week & Space Technology, 10 January 2022^
  330. jihane rahhou. Ryanair’s Unveils $1.4 Billion Investment in Morocco for Summer 2024 Morocco World News, 16 December 2023^
  331. Marie Mannes. Ryanair launches more routes from Sweden as aviation tax scrapped Reuters, 25 September 2024^
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  333. Natalie Wilson. Ryanair cuts UK to Denmark flights over 'harmful' new tax The Independent, 5 February 2025^
  334. Deb Gayen. Bournemouth Airport: Ryanair launches new routes from site Bournemouth Daily Echo, 4 June 2025^
  335. Ryanair: Trapani è di nuovo base. Cinque nuove rotte nel 2026 Italia Viola, 24 September 2025^
  336. Ryanair restarts 18 routes from Jordan, plans expansion RTÉ, 22 October 2025^
  337. Charlotte Van Campenhout. Ryanair loses some landing rights at Dutch airport due to late flights Reuters, 18 November 2025^
  338. Stephen Steiner. Ryanair announces capacity expansion in Germany following tax cut Aviation Direct, 16 January 2026^
  339. Julia Payne. Ryanair to cut Brussels Charleroi capacity due to passenger tax Reuters, 14 January 2026^
  340. RYANAIR EXPANDS ITS BASE IN TIRANA AND ADDS DOZENS OF FLIGHTS FOR SUMMER 2026 Tirana Airport^
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  342. Kam Heskin. Ryanair cuts flights across Portugal and Spain in 2026 The Portugal News, 13 April 2026^
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  349. Helen Massy-Beresford. Ryanair Sees Full Fleet of Boeing 737-8-200s in Time for Summer Season Aviation Week & Space Technology, 3 November 2025^
  350. Will Goodbody. Ryanair inks $40bn Boeing deal for up to 300 aircraft RTÉ, 9 May 2023^
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  362. David Kaminski-Morrow. Pictures: Bird-struck Ryanair 737 extensively damaged FlightGlobal, 13 November 2008^
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  366. Fearghal O'Connor. IAA report recommends Ryanair should review fuel policy Business Post, 20 September 2012^
  367. Padraic Halpin. Ryanair planes had enough fuel: Irish watchdog Reuters, 20 September 2012^
  368. Oliver Smith. Despite claims, Ryanair planes were not skimping on fuel during Spain re-routings Skift, 21 September 2012^
  369. Hardtalk – Ryanair's Michael O'Leary: Fuel risk claims are lies BBC News, 11 October 2012^
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  372. Ann O'Loughlin. Ryanair sues former pilot for defamation Irish Examiner, 10 October 2014^
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  374. Patrick Reevell. Ryanair flight forced to land in Belarus with top activist on board ABC News, 24 May 2021^
  375. Anton Troianovski, Ivan Nechepurenko. Belarus Forces Down Plane to Seize Dissident; Europe Sees 'State Hijacking' The New York Times, 23 May 2021^
  376. Ryanair plane: Western powers voice outrage at plane 'hijacking' BBC News, 24 May 2021^
  377. Belarus diverts Ryanair plane to arrest activist journalist Deutsche Welle, 23 May 2021^
  378. EU, NATO Demand Belarus Explain 'Forcible' Diversion Of Passenger Plane, Detention Of Journalist Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 23 May 2021^
  379. Niraj Chokshi, Stanley Reed. Airlines Start Skirting Belarus After It Forced Down a Plane The New York Times, 24 May 2021^
  380. Conor Humphries, Marta Di Donfrancesco, Keith Weir. Passengers evacuated from Ryanair plane in Italy after fumes seen Reuters, 3 October 2024^
  381. Barbie Latza Nadeau. 184 passengers and crew evacuated as Ryanair Boeing plane catches fire on runway in Italy CNN, 3 October 2024^
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