Quadriga Fintech Solutions was the owner and operator of QuadrigaCX. QuadrigaCX was believed to be Canada's largest cryptocurrency exchange at the time of its collapse in 2019, with the exchange ceasing operations and the company filing for bankruptcy with C$215.7 million in liabilities and about C$28 million in assets.[1]
The company's CEO and founder, Gerald William Cotten, died in December 2018 after traveling to India. Up to C$250 million (US$190 million) in cryptocurrency owed to 115,000 customers was missing[2] or could not be accessed because only Cotten held the password to off-line cold wallets.[3]
Quadriga likely never invested the funds entrusted to it, according to Chainalysis, a cryptocurrency tracking firm. Either the funds were never received or quickly went missing. "What Quadriga really did with the money that customers gave it to buy Bitcoin remains a mystery," according to Chainalysis.[4]
Ernst & Young was appointed as an independent monitor while Quadriga was granted temporary legal protection from its creditors under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act.
On 8 April 2019 the firm entered bankruptcy under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act as the possibility of a successful reorganization appeared to be remote.[5][6]
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were reportedly investigating the company.[7] Lawyers for the customers of the exchange have asked that Cotten's body be exhumed.[8]
In June 2020, the Ontario Securities Commission officially concluded[9] that Quadriga was indeed a fraud and a Ponzi scheme.It stated that Gerald Cotten committed fraud by opening accounts under aliases and crediting himself with fictitious currency and crypto asset balances, which he traded with unsuspecting clients, and that "What happened at Quadriga was an old-fashioned fraud wrapped in modern technology."[10]
History
Early life and education of Cotten
Gerald Cotten (born 11 May 1988)[12] lived in Belleville, Ontario, before attending the Schulich School of Business at York University in Toronto.He graduated from York with a bachelor of business administration in 2010.[13]
Cotten was already involved in Ponzi schemes as a teenager, using the online handle Sceptre on the online forum TalkGold. There, Cotten would promote HYIPs (high-yield investment programs) that "promised very high returns but were unregulated and anonymous, disclosing little or no details about the investment or who was behind it", while transactions were anonymous and hidden using digital currency.Cotten secretly cooperated with Michael Patryn on these Ponzi schemes.Cotten also sold a "proxy service that would reroute a user's internet connection so that their IP address would be hidden".[14][13]
Founding
Cotten learned about Bitcoin in Toronto and travelled to Vancouver, British Columbia, where he founded Quadriga in November 2013 with Michael Patryn.Cotten and Patryn were previously involved in online Ponzi schemes, but whereas Patryn had caught the attention of authorities, Cotten's involvement had not been discovered yet, so Cotten's sterling reputation enabled him to be the public face of Quadriga.[13]
Quadriga started by doing only local trades. Their online exchange launched after the first month. In January 2014 they installed the second Bitcoin ATM in Vancouver.[15] In 2014, C$7.4 million worth of bitcoin were exchanged on Quadriga.In a 2014 interview, founder Gerald Cotten explained that the company stored customer funds on paper wallets in safe deposit boxes: "So we just send money to them, we don't need to go back to the bank every time we want to put money into it. We just send money from our Bitcoin app directly to those paper wallets, and keep it safe that way."[16]
Michael Patryn's previous identity as Omar Dhanani
Quadriga co-founder Michael Patryn was identified by The Globe and Mail as Omar Dhanani, who was convicted on identity theft charges in the U.S. and served 18 months in Federal prison.Dhanani also had pleaded guilty to burglary and grand theft charges and had been deported to Canada.[17][28] Bloomberg also identified Patryn as Dhanani, showing that he had officially changed his name from Omar Dhanani to Omar Patryn in British Columbia in March 2003 and changed it again to Michael Patryn in October 2008.[29]
Death of CEO Gerald Cotten
According to Jennifer Robertson, Cotten's widow, he died on 9 December 2018 while travelling in India.She had accompanied him to a hospital in Jaipur the previous day and he was diagnosed with septic shock, perforation, peritonitis, and intestinal obstruction. On the 9th, he allegedly died after episodes of cardiac arrest. On 10 December, a death certificate was issued by the local municipality as well as a "no objection certificate" from the police to return the body to Nova Scotia.[30]
Robertson filed an affidavit on behalf of the company which included a "Statement of Death" for Cotten, filed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 12 December 2018.[31] It also stated that Quadriga has 363,000 registered users and a sum of C$250 million is owed to 115,000 affected users.
Cotten's will was signed 27 November 2018, twelve days before he allegedly died. It left Robertson the entire C$9.6-million estate and named her as the trustee. The estate includes an airplane, a sailboat, a 2017 Lexus, and real estate in Nova Scotia and Kelowna, British Columbia.A C$100,000 trust fund was made to provide lifelong care for Cotten's two chihuahuas in case of Robertson's death.[32]
Ponzi scheme
Some Reddit users suggested that Cotten faked his own death in order to defraud customers through an exit scam, while others believe that Cotten's death exposed a Ponzi scheme.[43][44] On 13 December 2019, the court-appointed law firm representing the exchange's former users sent a letter to the RCMP asking that they exhume Cotten's body to confirm his identity and verify a cause of death.[45]
In June 2020, the Ontario Securities Commission officially concluded[46] that Quadriga was indeed a fraud and a Ponzi scheme.It stated that Gerald Cotten committed fraud by opening accounts under aliases and crediting himself with fictitious currency and crypto asset balances, which he traded with unsuspecting clients, and that "What happened at Quadriga was an old-fashioned fraud wrapped in modern technology."[47]
Gerald Cotten's widow has maintained that she knew nothing about her husband's activities and agreed to forfeit $12 million in assets.[48]
Insolvency proceedings
On 5 February 2019, Nova Scotia Supreme Court Justice Michael J. Wood ordered a "30-day stay that precludes the filing of claims against Quadriga", which is a temporary legal protection from its creditors under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, a legal status that allows insolvent corporations to restructure their business and financial affairs.[49] Meanwhile, in order to manage the finances of the company during the process, a third-party monitor, Ernst & Young, was appointed.[35] Aaron Matthews served as Director of Operations.[17]
Ernst & Young reported on 6 February 2019 that C$468,675 of bitcoin were "inadvertently" sent to an inaccessible cold wallet.[50]
On 5 March 2019, Justice Wood extended Quadriga's court protection to 23 April. He appointed Peter Wedlake of Grant Thornton to be chief restructuring officer.
In popular media
A documentary titled Dead Man's Switch: A Crypto Mystery about the story of Gerald Cotten premiered at the 2021 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival.[55]
The CBC released a 6-episode podcast about Quadriga and the death of its founder called A Death in Cryptoland.The podcast was hosted by Takara Small.[56]
A Netflix documentary titled Trust No One: The Hunt for the Crypto King about the story of Gerald Cotten was released in March 2022.[57]
A 2021 8-episode podcast entitled Exit Scam followed the buildup of Quadriga, and investigated whether Gerald Cotten had faked his own death. The podcast was reported by Aaron Lammer and Lane Brown.[58]
The story of Gerald Cotten also served as the basis for the plot to the first episode of Law & Order Toronto: Criminal Intent.
Quadriga's unravelling has been compared to that of Bre-X, due to the suspicious deaths of Quadriga's Gerald Cotten and Bre-X geologist Michael de Guzman[59]
The company raised C$850,000 but cancelled plans to list on the exchange in early 2016.
Quadriga had four employees in 2015 with offices in Vancouver and Toronto, but ran out of money by June 2015.
In 2016, Cotten became the sole director of Quadriga when all the other directors resigned. Other than a few contractors, it had no employees, offices, or bank accounts thereafter.[17][18]
In 2017, Bitcoin experienced a speculative frenzy rising in price from about US$1,000 to almost US$20,000. About C$1.2 billion worth of bitcoin was exchanged on Quadriga. While the large increase in volume increased commissions, it also caused cash-flow problems due to the exchange's reliance on external payment processors and its lack of a proper accounting system.[17] In June 2017, Quadriga announced that they had lost ethereum worth US$14 million due to a smart contract error.[19]
Throughout 2018, as Bitcoin prices crashed, customers of the exchange reported delays when attempting to withdraw dollars.[20][21] C$28 million held by Costodian, a Quadriga payment processor, was frozen by the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) in January 2018. CIBC stated that they could not determine the ownership of the money and could not contact Cotten or Quadriga. In November 2018 the case was decided with the accounts going to the court to decide the ownership individually. Neither Costodian or Quadriga could access the funds.[22][23][24]
According to court filings, Quadriga also used WB21 as a payment processor.[17] Michael Gastauer, Chief Executive of WB21, has been named in a civil lawsuit by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as part of a US$165 million fraud.[25] Another payment processor used by Quadriga, Crypto Capital, was named in a civil suit filed by the New York Attorney General in April 2019.In that case, $851 million entrusted to Crypto Capital had been "lost, stolen or absconded with", according to the suit.[26]
Quadriga used an unusual teller-window system for customers to withdraw their money. Rather than pay customers via bank wires, they were told to come to a nondescript building in Laval, Quebec, to pick up the cash.Customers reported that once they arrived, there was nobody in the office, or that there was no cash to be disbursed.[2]
In January 2019 Ernst & Young reported that Quadriga did not have a bank account, but instead used third-party payment processors. It apparently had no formal accounting system. The business was run from Cotten's encrypted laptop from Cotten's home in Fall River, Nova Scotia.[27]
On 14 January 2019,[34] Quadriga announced that their CEO Gerald Cotten had died the month prior from Crohn's disease while doing volunteer work at an orphanage in India.[35] After the exchange was put into maintenance mode for several days in January, they announced on the 31st that they were applying for creditor protection.[36] Quadriga continued to accept deposits until 26 January 2019.
According to an affidavit by the CEO's widow, approximately 115,000 customers are owed C$250 million (US$190 million), most of which was cryptocurrency held in Quadriga's cold wallet in the laptop that only the deceased CEO had access to.[37]Blockchain analysts have reported that they are unable to find evidence of Quadriga's cold wallets on the blockchain, a public ledger used for cryptocurrencies.[38][39]
According to some of Cotten's family members, there was a crypto "dead man's switch" that would provide Quadriga with operating information in the event of his death; however, "neither the monitor nor others involved with the organization are aware of a dead-man switch email having been received."[40][41] A former contractor that was present at Cotten's funeral would later use this rumour to build a dead man's switch as a real product for crypto users.
Ernst & Young found five Quadriga cold wallet addresses, but they were empty, containing no cryptocurrency since April 2018. Another "appears to have been used to receive Bitcoin from another cryptocurrency exchange account and subsequently transfer Bitcoin to the Quadriga hot wallet" on 3 December.[42] Another three empty wallets were believed to possibly be owned by Quadriga.Fourteen trading accounts that were also examined were used to trade on other exchanges.[42]
Quadriga's customers are owed C$260 million in cryptocurrency and cash.
A C$24.7 million disbursement fund has been planned with C$300,000 to go to Cotten's widow, Jennifer Robertson, who advanced that amount to start the court proceedings; C$200,000 will go to Ernst & Young and another C$250,000 to its lawyers; C$229,842 will go to Quadriga's lawyers; and C$17,000 to independent contractors.[51]
Quadriga's lawyer, the firm Stewart McKelvey, withdrew from the case due to a potential conflict of interest.[52]
On 10 March 2023, the trustee in bankruptcy Ernst & Young declared a first interim dividend at the rate of C$0.13 per CAD of proven claim value. The aggregate amount of the First Interim Dividend is approximately $40,000,000. Payment of the First Interim Dividend is subject to the Superintendent of Bankruptcy's Levy of approximately 0.39% of the dividend.[53] The interim dividend provides for a distribution of approximately 87.0% of the funds the Trustee is currently holding.[54]
