Municipally owned corporation

A municipally owned corporation is a corporation owned by a municipality. They are typically "organisations with independent corporate status, managed by an executive board appointed primarily by local government officials, and with majority public ownership."[1] Some municipally owned corporations rely on revenue from user fees, distinguishing them from agencies and special districts funded through taxation.[2] Municipally owned corporations may also differ from local bureaucracies in funding, transaction costs, financial scrutiny, labour rights, permission to operate outside their jurisdiction, and, under some circumstances, in rights to make profits and risk of bankruptcy.[3]

The causes and effects of municipally owned corporations are posited to be different from those of state-owned enterprises. Corporatization may be more utilised locally rather than nationally allowing more hybrid or flexible forms of public service delivery such as public-private partnerships and inter-municipal cooperation. It also allows charging user fees.[2] Effects can be different because of lower regulator expertise, lower contracting capacity for municipalities,[2] and the higher presence of scale economies. Current research shows that municipally owned corporations are frequently more efficient than bureaucracy but have higher failure rates because of their legal and managerial autonomy.[1] An additional problem is the fact that municipally owned corporations often have more than one municipal owner, and conflict between municipal owners can lead to reduced output for the municipally owned corporation due to various negative spillovers.[4]

Background

Under New Public Management, corporatization became prominent as a step towards (partial) privatization.[5] It soon became an end in itself, aiming to combine government control with efficient, businesslike service delivery that was considered lacking in bureaucratic service delivery. The state-owned enterprises that resulted were to be organized akin to private corporations, with the difference that the company's shares remain state ownership are not traded on the stock market.[6]

This also became a trend at the local level. Municipal corporation followed a process of externalization that required new skills and orientations from the respective local governments, and followed common changes in the institutional landscape of public services.[7] There was a substantial growth in the number of municipally owned corporations in the 1990s and 2000s throughout Europe and the United States.[1][7]

Reasons and effects

Municipal corporatization can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery (with mixed successes) or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. Its reasons and effects are somewhat similar as those of corporatization.[5][8][10]

Problems with multiple ownership

The frequent ownership of municipally owned corporations by multiple municipalities can cause problems, the so-called multiple principal problem, that can lead these to be inefficient, inequitable, or unaccountable [14] or have high failure rates.[1] There can be free-riding or duplication in steering and monitoring procedures, resulting in high costs. If there is heterogeneity in interests between the multiple municipalities, there may be directive ambiguity or lobbying of the corporations by individual municipalities, leading to high inefficiency and low accountability.[14] Delegating governance to one elected party may be a way to solve this problem.[14]

Usage

Municipal corporatization is more prominent for some services than for others. It is typically prominent in:[1][2][4]

• Water management
• Bus services
• Refuse collection
• Economy & Housing
• Social Affairs & Employment
• Education & Culture

See also

• Corporatization
• New Public Management