List of gig economy companies

References

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6. 6.{{harvp|World Bank|2019|p=26}}^
7. 7.{{harvp|Ravenelle|2019|p=166}}^
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12. 12.{{harvp|Pagano|2017}}^
13. 13.{{harvp|Mulcahy|2016|p=160}}^
14. 14.{{harvp|Udell|Woodill|2019}}^
15. 15.Steven Overly. Uber and Airbnb helped expand the gig economy. These researchers think they've measured how much. The Washington Post, 2016-10-13, retrieved 2019-09-29^
16. 16.This July, HomeAway is becoming Vrbo — a single brand giving families even more ways to travel better together. homeaway.com, 2020-07-01, retrieved 2020-07-02^
17. 17.Meng Jing. Pots of gold await in China's gig economy: how mobile technology is transforming the world's biggest jobs market South China Morning Post, 2017-02-26, retrieved 2019-09-23^
18. 18.Noam Scheiber. Care.com Creates a $500 Limited Benefit for Gig-Economy Workers The New York Times, 2016-09-14, retrieved 2019-09-29^
19. 19.Sarah Kessler. The future of work will raise difficult questions. Are we prepared to confront them? Quartz, 2018-06-13, retrieved 2019-09-29^
20. 20.Carolyn Said. Nonprofit offers free course on how to do gig work San Francisco Chronicle, 2017-11-22, retrieved 2019-10-07^
21. 21.Debra D. Bass. Massage on-demand app comes to St. Louis St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2016-06-24, retrieved 2020-02-16^
22. 22.Tiffanie Wen. The entourages of the travel elite BBC Online, 2018-02-02, retrieved 2020-02-16^
23. 23.Kelsey Gee. In a Job Market This Good, Who Needs to Work in the Gig Economy? The Wall Street Journal, 2017-08-08, retrieved 2019-09-23^
24. 24.Marguerite Ward. How apps are transforming US trucking CNBC, 2015-08-03, retrieved 2019-09-30^
25. 25.Sarah Butler. Uber and CitySprint among gig economy firms to face parliament The Guardian, 2018-09-26, retrieved 2019-09-23^
26. 26.Ben Chapman. Gig economy union files £200,000 holiday pay claim against courier company CitySprint The Independent, 2018-04-06, retrieved 2019-09-23^
27. 27.Carolyn Said. Deliv switching California couriers to employees – 'start of a wave' San Francisco Chronicle, 2019-06-22, retrieved 2019-09-30^
28. 28.Christophoer Mims. In a Tight Labor Market, Gig Workers Get Harder to Please The Wall Street Journal, 2019-05-04, retrieved 2019-09-30^
29. 29.DPD improves workers' rights after driver's death BBC Online, 2018-03-26, retrieved 2019-09-30^
30. 30.Mohit M Rao. The 'gig' economy is creating lakhs of jobs, but workers don't see a future The Hindu, 2019-08-30, retrieved 2019-09-30^
31. 31.Robert Booth. Royal Mail firm launches review after admitting it denied courier benefits: eCourier says it wrongly classified Demille Flanore as an independent contractor, thus denying him holiday and sick pay The Guardian, 2017-05-12, retrieved 2019-09-23^
32. 32.Emery Cowan. The good and the bad of gig work in Flagstaff Arizona Daily Sun, 2018-03-26, retrieved 2019-09-23^
33. 33.Robert Wright. Hermes couriers awarded union recognition in gig economy first Financial Times, 2019-02-03, retrieved 2019-09-23^
34. 34.Socso hopes more gig workers will benefit from social protection [NSTTV] New Straits Times, 2020-06-16, retrieved 2021-03-01^
35. 35.Luiza Bandeira. The gig economy is a double-edged sword for migrant workers: Is this the model for an economy that breeds unicorns? BBC Online, 2019-07-02, retrieved 2020-02-16^
36. 36.Manuel Rueda. Venezuelan migrants propel billion-dollar delivery app: Rappi, like similar companies, has also come under criticism for its modern-day labour practices, which reflect some of the shortcomings of the gig economy. Buenos Aires Times, 2019-07-29, retrieved 2020-02-16^
37. 37.Jim Wyss. How a Colombian billion-dollar delivery app became a lifeline for Venezuelan migrants Miami Herald, 2019-05-20, retrieved 2020-02-16^
38. 38.David Z. Morris. Why Empty Backseats May Be the Next Big Thing In Delivering Packages to Your Doorstep Fortune, 2018-01-15, retrieved 2020-07-15^
39. 39.Dara Kerr. Hitching a ride with delivery app Roadie CNET, 2017-12-20, retrieved 2020-07-15^
40. 40.Karen Schwartz. Have Work, Will Travel The New York Times, 2019-07-03, retrieved 2020-07-15^
41. 41.Art Raymond. New gig economy service bringing groceries right to your door – in an hour Deseret News, 2018-05-07, retrieved 2019-09-29^
42. 42.Laura Finaldi. 'Gig' economy workers in Sarasota-Manatee strive for higher pay The Palm Beach Post, 2019-06-10, retrieved 2019-09-29^
43. 43.Sam Harnett. Gig Companies Go Old School and Hire Workers KQED, 2016-09-21, retrieved 2019-09-23^
44. 44.James Fernyhough. Uber ruling has 'profound implications' for auto-enrolment Financial Times, 2016-11-04, retrieved 2019-09-30^
45. 45.Sherelle Jacobs. The government must incentivise businesses to make the gig economy ethical The Daily Telegraph, 2018-04-30, retrieved 2019-10-07^
46. 46.Nandini Singh. BigBasket, Urban Company lead in fair pay; most platforms fall short: Gig economy in India Business Standard, 8 October 2024, retrieved 18 October 2025^
47. 47.Zomato, Swiggy, Uber score least on fair working conditions for workers among all apps The News Minute, 2020-12-17, retrieved 2021-03-01^
48. 48.L'alveare che dice si, una rete al femminile. Chi ha detto che l'agricoltura è un mestiere maschile? TeleAmbiente TV, 2018-03-12, retrieved 2019-09-29^
49. 49.Kenneth Cheng, Toh Ee Ming. The Big Read: The unstoppable march of the gig economy Today, 2017-05-19, retrieved 2021-03-01^
50. 50.Aw Cheng Wei. Honestbee can fly high again: Analysts The Straits Times, 2019-05-13, retrieved 2021-03-01^
51. 51.Avantika Tewari. Zepto workers' strike: In India's gig economy, the continuing struggle for dignity The Indian Express, 28 May 2025, retrieved 18 October 2025^
52. 52.Anna Tims. Gig economy ruling has Deliveroo riders without rights and buying their own kit The Guardian, 2017-11-19, retrieved 2019-09-23^
53. 53.Jon Stone. EU introduces new minimum rights for 'gig economy' workers like Uber drivers and Deliveroo riders The Independent, 2019-04-17, retrieved 2019-09-23^
54. 54.Chris Nuttall. The takeaway on the gig economy Financial Times, 2019-02-28, retrieved 2019-09-23^
55. 55.Alison Griswold. Startups have a crazy new idea for saving money: Be nice to workers Quartz, 2016-10-20, retrieved 2019-09-23^
56. 56.Alice Robb. The people changing retirement with side hustles BBC Online, 2018-10-30, retrieved 2020-07-15^
57. 57.Arun Sundararajan. The 'gig economy' is coming. What will it mean for work? The Guardian, 2015-07-26, retrieved 2019-09-23^
58. 58.BofA Customers Strike $5M Deal In Overdraft Fee Battle Law360, 2019-06-30, retrieved 2019-10-06^
59. 59.Marsha Borak. Before Uber, Didi drivers had their own strikes Abacus News, South China Morning Post, 2019-05-10, retrieved 2019-09-23^
60. 60.Sarah Kessler. Could A Minimum Wage Work In The Gig Economy? Favor, an on-demand delivery startup with 10,000 drivers, has an unusual policy: a minimum wage. Fast Company, 2016-04-06, retrieved 2021-11-07^
61. 61.Sara Mojtehedzadeh. Future of gig economy workers at stake in Foodora couriers' unionization battle Toronto Star, 2019-09-10, retrieved 2019-09-23^
62. 62.{{harvp|Cavallini|2019|p=2}}^
63. 63.Aria Thaker. The ugly truth behind being a gig-economy worker in India Quartz, 2019-03-26, retrieved 2019-09-30^
64. 64.{{harvp|Madariaga|Buenadicha|Molina|Ernst|2019|p=17}}^
65. 65.{{harvp|Cavallini|2019|p=4}}^
66. 66.Luke Winkie. An interview with someone who's worked for every gig economy app you can think of Vox, 2019-05-15, retrieved 2019-09-23^
67. 67.Fabio Teixeira. EXCLUSIVE-Children in Brazil found working for food delivery apps Reuters, Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2020-12-03, retrieved 2021-04-18^
68. 68.Kelle Howson. 'Just because you don't see your boss, doesn't mean you don't have a boss': Covid-19 and Gig Worker Strikes across Latin America International Union Rights, International Centre for Trade Union Rights, 2020^
69. 69.{{harvp|Cavallini|2019|p=3}}^
70. 70.Mathieu Rosemain, Dominique Vidalon. Top French court deals blow to Uber by giving driver 'employee' status Reuters, 2020-03-04, retrieved 2020-07-15^
71. 71.David Chau. Deliveroo sued for 'exploitation' by former worker for alleged underpayment ABC Online, 2019-08-28, retrieved 2020-07-15^
72. 72.Frank Chung. US food delivery giant DoorDash launches in Australia to take on Menulog, UberEats and Deliveroo News.com.au, 2019-09-04, retrieved 2020-07-15^
73. 73.{{harvp|Ravenelle|2019|p=206}}^
74. 74.Erin Barry. Uber, Lyft effect on economy show work 'innovation': Case CNBC, 2016-04-17, retrieved 2020-07-15^
75. 75.Meagan Day. The Shadow Bosses of the Gig Economy Jacobin, 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-29^
76. 76.Sean Silcoff. Winnipeg startup SkipTheDishes gobbled up by Britain's Just Eat The Globe and Mail, December 15, 2016, retrieved August 28, 2018^
77. 77.Martin Cash. Skip the Dishes co-founder named one of Canada's top young business innovators Winnipeg Free Press, June 28, 2017, retrieved August 28, 2018^
78. 78.Nishant Sharma. Online Food Delivery: Swiggy Vs Zomato: Who Has A Better Chance To Win India's Hunger Games? BloombergQuint, 23 December 2018, retrieved 13 August 2019^
79. 79.Deepti Chaudhary. Can Swiggy take more orders? Fortune, 15 March 2019, retrieved 13 August 2019^
80. 80.Alnoor Peermohamed. Swiggy gets battle ready; raises $210 mn from Naspers, DST Global Business Standard, 22 June 2018, retrieved 13 August 2019^
81. 81.עו"ד מתן סטמרי. להתאים את אסדרת שוק העבודה לכלכלת החלטורה Globes, 2019-07-12, retrieved 2020-07-15^
82. 82.{{harvp|Manthorpe|2020}}^
83. 83.Peter Elstrom, David Ramli. Mother's firing sparks backlash against Chinese educational startup VIPKid: It's just one gig-economy business caught in the contractor-versus-employee debate Financial Post, 2017-11-30, retrieved 2019-09-30^
84. 84.Valerio De Stefano. The rise of the "just-in-time workforce": On-demand work, crowdwork and labour protection in the "gig-economy" International Labour Organization, 2016, retrieved 2019-09-23^
85. 85.{{harvp|Sinicki|2018|p=2}}^
86. 86.Suzanne Bearne. Is the 'gig economy' turning us all into freelancers? BBC.com, 2016-05-20, retrieved 2019-09-23^
87. 87.Lauren Mechling. Start-Up Star Hello Alfred is Expanding The Wall Street Journal, 2018-03-29, retrieved 2019-09-29^
88. 88.{{harvp|Carter|2018|p=555}}^
89. 89.{{harvp|Gratton|Scott|2016|p=53}}^
90. 90.{{harvp|World Bank|2019|p=20}}^
91. 91.Andile Masuku. Helping to overcome tech talent shortages Independent Online, 2018-03-09, retrieved 2019-10-06^
92. 92.Deirdre Fernandes. Consultants get in on the gig economy The Boston Globe, 2017-05-09, retrieved 2020-06-15^
93. 93.Elizabeth Segran. HourlyNerd, the Uber of business consultants, snags $22 million Fast Company, 2016-07-05, retrieved 2019-09-29^
94. 94.Chris F. Wright, Nick Wailes, Greg J. Bamber, Russell D. Lansbury. Beyond National Systems, Towards a 'Gig Economy'? A Research Agenda for International and Comparative Employment Relations Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, Springer Science+Business Media, 2017-12-01^
95. 95.Maryalene LaPonsie. 10 Cities Where Gig Workers Can Flourish U.S. News & World Report, 2018-06-01, retrieved 2019-09-30^
96. 96.Ryan Craig. Last-mile training and the future of work in an expanding gig economy TechCrunch, 2019-07-28, retrieved 2019-09-29^
97. 97.Noam Scheiber. Plugging Into the Gig Economy, From Home With a Headset. A company called Liveops has become the Uber of call centers by doting on its agents. But is the work liberating, or dehumanizing? The New York Times, 2017-11-11, retrieved 2021-03-01^
98. 98.Nancy Dahlberg. The Gig Economy is big and here to stay. Here's how workers are surviving and thriving Miami Herald, 2017-08-31, retrieved 2021-03-01^
99. 99.Nancy Coltun Walker. Embracing flexibility, some workers turn to the gig route Post-Tribune, 2019-02-11, retrieved 2021-03-01^
100. 100.{{harvp|Sinicki|2018|p=2}}^
101. 101.Olga Oksman. Shiftgig, With New CEO, Positions Itself As The Job Board Of The Blue-Collar Gig Economy Fast Company, 2017-09-09, retrieved 2019-09-29^
102. 102.Anne Sraders. Fiverr IPO: What to Know About the Company Capitalizing on the Millennial Gig Economy Fortune, 2019-06-13, retrieved 2019-09-23^
103. 103.Giuliano Bonoli. Ensuring economic security in the gig economy Business Times, 2019-03-13, retrieved 2019-10-07^
104. 104.Marcia Heroux Pounds. Freelance gigs growing for South Florida workers Sun-Sentinel, 2012-06-28, retrieved 2019-10-07^
105. 105.Jeff Schwartz, Udo Bohdal-Spiegelhoff, Michael Gretczko, Nathan Sloan. The gig economy: Distraction or disruption? Deloitte, 2016-02-29, retrieved 2019-10-07^
106. 106.Sarah Ripplinger. Part-time gig: Is the sharing Vancouver Courier, 2017-11-23, retrieved 2019-10-07^
107. 107.Mark Bayles. Will Your Smartphone Get You a Job? Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, January 2019, retrieved 2019-09-30^
108. 108.Debra D. Bass. Retail Details: Two apps coming, more stores closing St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2017-06-16, retrieved 2020-02-16^
109. 109.Michaela Haas. Wie Helpling, nur in fair Die Zeit, 2019-09-24, retrieved 2019-09-30^
110. 110.Gordon Dickson. Gig economy may be here to stay Portland Press Herald, 2018-04-17, retrieved 2019-09-29^
111. 111.Christina Farr. Why Homejoy Failed Wired, 2015-10-26, retrieved 2019-09-23^
112. 112.Carmel DeAmicis. Homejoy Shuts Down After Battling Worker Classification Lawsuits Vox, 2015-07-17, retrieved 2019-09-23^
113. 113.Ellen Huet. What Really Killed Homejoy? It Couldn't Hold On To Its Customers Forbes, retrieved 2016-06-29^
114. 114.Owen Bowcott. Gig economy: heating engineer wins claim against Pimlico Plumbers The Guardian, 2018-06-13, retrieved 2019-09-23^
115. 115.{{harvp|Oppong|2018|p=ix}}^
116. 116.Kyle Wiggers. Jyve raises $35 million to connect gig economy workers with brick-and-mortar retailers VentureBeat, 2019-01-24, retrieved 2021-03-01^
117. 117.Lorraine Mirabella. Pikesville father and son roll out national 'Uber for laundry' concept The Baltimore Sun, 2021-11-15, retrieved 2022-01-30^
118. 118.Panama Jackson. My Washer Broke and I've Had to Outsource My Favorite Chore—Washing Clothes. I've Learned a Few Things The Root, 2021-05-27, retrieved 2022-01-30^
119. 119.Emily Dreyfuss. Thumbtack Tries Bridging the Benefits Gap for Gig Workers Wired, 2019-02-22, retrieved 2019-09-29^
120. 120.Eillie Anzilotti. Gig economy platform Thumbtack is helping its users get benefits Fast Company, 2019-02-19, retrieved 2019-09-29^
121. 121.Christopher Rugaber. Why the 'gig' economy may not be the workforce of the future Associated Press, 2018-09-24, retrieved 2019-10-06^
122. 122.Shubhanshi Dimri. Urban Clap rebrands itself as 'Urban Company' National Herald, 2020-01-30, retrieved 2024-09-27^
123. 123.Fahad Alanezi, Turki Alanzi. A Gig mHealth Economy Framework: Scoping Review of Internet Publications JMIR mHealth and uHealth, JMIR Publications, 2020-01-15^
124. 124.Allysia Finley. High-Tech Help for the Freelance Physician The Wall Street Journal, 2017-03-24, retrieved 2021-03-01^
125. 125.Fisher Phillips. Healthcare And The Gig Economy: A Marriage Of Risk And Reward Lexology, 2018-02-01, retrieved 2021-03-01^
126. 126.Sy Mukherjee. The Gig Economy May Be Coming to a Nurse Near You Fortune, 2017-07-11, retrieved 2021-03-01^
127. 127.{{harvp|Fishman|2018}}^
128. 128.Kerry Flynn. Social media 'rehab': Is a 24/7 texting helpline really the best? The Independent, 2015-09-21, retrieved 2019-09-29^
129. 129.Harvard Business Publishing Education www.hbsp.harvard.edu, retrieved 2024-11-10^
130. 130.Rhys Dipshan. Lawclerk's New Move: Enable 'Small Law' With Network of Freelance Associates Law.com, ALM, 2019-01-17, retrieved 2019-10-06^
131. 131.Jessi Hempel. Gig Economy Workers Need Benefits and Job Protections. Now. Wired, 2016-01-04, retrieved 2019-09-23^
132. 132.Jeff John Roberts. UpCounsel raises $10M to grow on-demand lawyer platform Fortune, 2015-07-28, retrieved 2020-06-14^
133. 133.Nick Horney. The gig economy: a disruptor requiring HR agility People & Strategy, Human Resource Planning Society, Summer 2016, retrieved 2020-06-15^
134. 134.Working in the gig economy The Star, 2019-04-06, retrieved 2019-10-06^
135. 135.Richard Hartung. Contracts can be a career: Finding a place in the gig economy Today, 2019-01-11, retrieved 2019-10-06^
136. 136.Emma Hinchliffe. Etsy proposes 3 ways to improve the gig economy in new report Mashable, 2016-09-27, retrieved 2019-09-29^
137. 137.Emily C. Atmore. Killing the Goose That Laid the Golden Egg: Outdated Employment Laws Are Destroying the Gig Economy Minnesota Law Review, 2017, retrieved 2023-11-17^
138. 138.Robert Booth. Addison Lee suffers latest defeat in legal row over gig economy rights The Guardian, 2017-08-02, retrieved 2019-09-23^
139. 139.Josh Eidelson, Joshua Brustein. Bird Scooters Ditches Gig Economy Mechanics in Favor of In-House Repairs Fortune, 2019-03-08, retrieved 2019-09-30^
140. 140.Sarah Emerson. The Gig Economy Workers Who Power the Scooter Ridesharing Craze for a Pittance Vice, 2018-05-15, retrieved 2019-10-06^
141. 141.Patrick Sisson. The new gig economy job? Charging electric scooters Curbed, 2015-05-10, retrieved 2019-10-06^
142. 142.{{harvp|Massotte|2017|p=112}}^
143. 143.{{harvp|Kennedy|2016|p=145}}^
144. 144.Tim Adams. 'My father had one job in his life, I've had six in mine, my kids will have six at the same time' The Guardian, 2015-11-29, retrieved 2019-09-29^
145. 145.Eclairage Solange Berger. Deliveroo, Uber, Blablacar,... En quoi la "gig economy" a changé la manière de travailler ? La Libre Belgique, 2018-03-04, retrieved 2019-09-29^
146. 146.David Gauvey Herbert. Blacklane wants to be Uber with a heart, if drivers and customers will let it Quartz, 2015-04-16, retrieved 2019-10-06^
147. 147.Natasha Lomas. Flipkart ranked highly for 'fairness' of working conditions in India gig platform study TechCrunch, 2019-03-26, retrieved 2019-09-30^
148. 148.Taxify CEO Markus Villig's fresh outlook addresses Uber problems European CEO, 2018-12-06, retrieved 2019-10-07^
149. 149.Rodrigo Orihuela. New Spanish Government Signals Trouble for Tech Unicorns 2019-11-20, retrieved 2020-02-16^
150. 150.Cabify diz ser a primeira empresa de ride sharing lucrativa do mundo Época Negócios, 2020-02-05, retrieved 2020-02-16^
151. 151.Melissa Locker. Saudi women got their licenses and signed up as ridehailing drivers Fast Company, 2018-07-11, retrieved 2019-09-23^
152. 152.{{harvp|English-Lueck|2017}}^
153. 153.Tomio Geron. On-Demand Services Look Beyond Contractors The Wall Street Journal, 2016-09-16, retrieved 2019-09-30^
154. 154.Chariot Chariot^
155. 155.Orange Wang. China's gig economy losing ability to absorb laid off factory workers South China Morning Post, 2019-02-13, retrieved 2019-09-23^
156. 156.Hello Ride Global 2024-07-29, retrieved 2024-11-10^
157. 157.{{harvp|Hall|2019|p=164}}^
158. 158.José Ivan Gutiérrez. Súbale súbale al nuevo transporte colectivo privado de EasyTaxi InformaBTL, 2016-07-05, retrieved 2019-10-06^
159. 159.Laura Gardiner. Does the gig economy revolutionise the world of work, or is it a storm in a teacup? The Economist, 2015-10-23, retrieved 2019-09-30^
160. 160.Chris Edwards. Gig in the City IBISWorld, 2018-05-30, retrieved 2019-10-06^
161. 161.Ellen Huet. Cash This Check for $250, and Sign Away Your Right to Sue 2019-07-02, retrieved 2019-09-29^
162. 162.Trinity Chua. When sharing becomes uncaring The Edge Singapore, 2019-07-29, retrieved 2021-03-01^
163. 163.Shah Suraj. The gig economy and skills traps in Indonesia The Jakarta Post, 2018-11-21, retrieved 2019-10-06^
164. 164.Karlis Salna, Viriya Singgih. Indonesia's Booming Gig Economy Means Big Tradeoffs for Workers 2018-08-06, retrieved 2019-10-06^
165. 165.James Ainsworth. Gig Economy: Legal Status of Gig Economy Workers and Working Practices House of Lords Library, 2017-11-21, retrieved 2019-10-06^
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167. 167.{{harvp|Park|2018|p=261}}^
168. 168.Goutam Das. Taxi Wars Business Today, 2015-08-30, retrieved 2020-02-28^
169. 169.Natasha Lomas. Tesco launches one-hour grocery deliveries in London, powered by Quiqup TechCrunch, 2017-06-26, retrieved 2021-03-01^
170. 170.Rob Price. Here's how much you earn as a courier in London's gig economy Business Insider, 2017-03-11, retrieved 2021-03-01^
171. 171.Dara Kerr. The mad, twisted tale of the electric scooter craze: For Bird, Lime and Spin: Betrayal, clipped brake cables and chop shops. And that's just in San Francisco. CNET, 2018-05-30, retrieved 2019-10-06^
172. 172.Gene Marks. Is the gig economy all it's cracked up to be? The Guardian, 2018-12-06, retrieved 2019-09-30^
173. 173.Carolyn Said. Furloughed federal workers turn to gig work San Francisco Chronicle, 2019-01-25, retrieved 2019-09-30^
174. 174.Alice Thomson. Don't knock the gig economy revolution The Times, 2019-11-27, retrieved 2021-03-01^
175. 175.James Farrar. Smart cities for the many New Statesman, 2019-09-27, retrieved 2021-03-01^
176. 176.Natasha Bernal. Transport for London criticised for handing licence to taxi app Viavan despite 'unfair' treatment of drivers The Daily Telegraph, 2019-07-16, retrieved 2021-03-01^
177. 177.Andrea Núñez-Torrón Stock. Gig Economy: 150 aplicaciones con las que puedes ganar dinero ComputerHoy, Axel Springer SE, 2019-05-15, retrieved 2019-10-06^
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