The Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) is a unique global identifier for legal entities participating in financial transactions.[1] Also known as an LEI code or LEI number, its purpose is to help identify legal entities on a globally accessible database. Legal entities are organizations such as companies or government entities that participate in financial transactions. An individual person may not obtain an LEI.[2] The identifier is used in regulatory reporting to financial regulators and all financial companies and funds are required to have an LEI.
The identifier is formatted as a 20-character, alpha-numeric code based on the ISO 17442 "Financial services — Legal entity identifier (LEI)" standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It connects to key information that enables clear and unique identification of legal entities participating in financial transactions. Each LEI database entry contains information about an entity's ownership and thus answers the questions of 'who is who' and 'who owns whom'. Therefore the publicly available LEI data pool can be regarded as a global directory of non-individual participants in the financial market.
There are a number of LEI issuers around the world that issue and maintain the identifiers and act as primary interfaces to the global directory, these are typically financial exchanges or financial data vendors. These are accredited by the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (GLEIF) to issue LEIs.
History
During the 2008 financial crisis, regulators realised that a single identification code unique to each financial institution was not available worldwide. It means that each country had different code systems to recognize the counterpart corporation of financial transactions. Accordingly, it was impossible to identify the transaction details of individual corporations, identify the counterpart of financial transactions, and calculate the total risk amount. This resulted in difficulties in estimating individual corporation's amount of risk exposure, analyzing risks across the market, and resolving the failing financial institutions. This is one of the factors that made it difficult for the early evolution of the 2008 financial crisis.[3]
In response, the LEI system was developed by the 2011 G20[4] in response to this inability of financial institutions to identify organizations uniquely, so that their financial transactions in different national jurisdictions could be fully tracked.[5] Currently, the Legal Entity Identifier Regulatory Oversight Committee (LEI ROC), a coalition of financial regulators and central banks across the globe, is encouraging the expansion of the LEI. The U.S. and European countries require corporations to use the legal entity identifier when reporting the details of transactions with over-the-counter derivatives to financial authorities. Today, authorities of 45 jurisdictions mandate the use of LEI code to identify legal entities involved in different financial transactions.
Code structure
{| cellspacing="2" class="floatright" style="background-color:#bdbdff;" !bgcolor=#bdbdff colspan="20"| Structure of LEI codes
- - --- align="center" bgcolor="#ddddff"
- 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || ... || 18 || 19 || 20
- - --- align="center" bgcolor="white"
- colspan="4"| LOU code
- colspan="7"| Entity- Identification
- colspan="2"| Check- sum
- - --- align="center" bgcolor="#ddddff"
- colspan="13"| G.E. Financing GmbH
- - --- align="center" bgcolor="white"
- colspan="4"| )
- European Legislation Identifier (ELI)
- European Case Law Identifier (ECLI)