Background
Railway construction and operation in the area preceded the Lake Erie and Northern by over fifty years. The railway boom in Canada West (the administrative predecessor to the province of Ontario) from the 1850s onward resulted in a number of east–west lines owned by competing companies: the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) lines through Galt (which became a major regional rail hub), the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway through Brantford, and the New York Central Railroad and Michigan Central Railroad lines through Waterford. While these railways stimulated the local economy and created export opportunities both for farmers (mostly situated along the Grand River and its tributaries and floodplain) and small but rapidly industrializing cities like Galt and Brantford, the primary intent behind the construction of many of these rail lines was to connect large urban centres in Ontario like Toronto and Hamilton with the American border, or to create a shorter route for American fast freight and passenger express trains to travel around Lake Erie, as opposed to the longer route through Ohio. This was the intent behind the Canada Air Line, an air-line railway which took the shortest practical route through the area. Merchants and exporters, primarily in Brantford, felt that they were poorly served by these east–west lines, which allowed certain railways to monopolize access to different towns and cities and charge high freight fees. The east–west lines also did not connect the communities along the Grand River valley, which were naturally linked together by shared history and geography.
In 1900, the first attempt at a north–south line was underway, with the construction of the Port Dover, Brantford, Berlin and Goderich Railway, an ambitious attempt to link these centres together. These ambitions were tempered by a lack of capital, however, and the company was sold off and renamed the Grand Valley Railway (GVR) in 1902, with a plan to initially connect Brantford and Galt.[2] Galt's merchants and town boosters, meanwhile, focused mainly on constructing a link to Berlin (now known as Kitchener), an initiative that would eventually result in the Grand River Railway, which began operation in 1914.
With a clear short-term goal, the Grand Valley Railway Company purchased the Brantford Street Railway in 1903, then extended it, ultimately creating a 21 mi electric interurban line linking Brantford, Paris, and Galt, which opened for traffic in November 1904. After opening, however, the GVR began to suffer from a number of chronic problems: the difficult terrain and poor quality of construction created operational problems, and the company was unable to secure enough lucrative freight contracts to maintain profitability. Service was suspended by 1912 due to poor track quality, and ultimately the line was sold to the City of Brantford in March 1914. The northern section from Paris to Galt was promptly sold in 1915 to the Lake Erie and Northern Railway, which promptly closed the line to eliminate competition; the southern section from Brantford to Paris was operated as a part of Brantford's municipal public transit system until it was shut down in 1929 and replaced by buses.[2] This marked the end of the first attempt at a north–south link.
Planning and charter (1911–1915)
The second attempt at a north–south link was the one which would ultimately result in the Lake Erie and Northern Railway. Another Brantford-led initiative, it was more measured in its ambitions. The goal of the Lake Erie and Northern's backers was to create a reliable freight and passenger link which connected Galt, Brantford, and Port Dover, with the hope that this would give them access to freight traffic on Lake Erie and allow a possible connection to Ohio. A Dominion charter application was noted in the trade journal Railway and Marine World in February 1911,[3] and over the course of 1911 and 1912, the details of the plan were developed further. In March 1911, newspapers reported two more key details: first, that the charter application which was being debated in the Dominion parliament had been revised to allow for a branch line to Ayr starting from a junction at Paris or Glen Morris; and second, that the charter would also allow for the company to operate a steam shipping line across Lake Erie, which would allow it to deliver coal to Brantford and northern locations at a cheaper rate than the existing coal supply route through Buffalo.[4] By April 1911, the bill authorizing the company charter had been passed, and Great Lakes shipping was being emphasized even further; far from a simple line extension across the lake, a water route from Port Dover to Fort William in Northwestern Ontario was being discussed, with the idea that lake steamers would carry loads of Michigan
Construction begins
Construction began in May 1913, and grading camps were established by June.[9] Built roughly in parallel with the existing GVR line, the Lake Erie and Northern was constructed according to higher and more modern quality standards, and avoided many of the problems with tight turns and steep grades that the GVR suffered from. The result was a high track quality and significant number of grade separations along the route, made necessary by the amount of traffic on the main lines the LE&N crossed. In Paris, it passed under the Grand Trunk Railway high-level bridge, which is still used by CN and Via Rail trains today. At Waterford, which was a junction point for the Canada Southern Railway (later Michigan Central) and Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway, the LE&N followed a high trestle bridge over the tracks, creating a full grade separation. This allowed for the LE&N to run the kind of high-frequency service which began to be expected of electric interurban railways in the early 20th century, without potential interruption by cross-traffic on the mainlines.
In 1914, with the line still under construction, the LE&N was purchased by the CPR, which finalized the line's status as an interurban.[10] This followed contemporary trends, where medium-distance passenger traffic was being shifted onto electric lines and served by high-frequency short trains. In May 1915, the line was electrified with 1500 Volts DC.[10]
Pre-amalgamation era (1916–1931)
Passenger service began earlier than planned, on 7 February 1916. This was only along the northern section of the line, which was between Galt and Brantford. Four days earlier, on February 3, spring floods had damaged the Grand Valley Railway track north of Paris, leading to the end of passenger services on that line. The first test run had only occurred on February 2, and installation of the overhead line allowing electric traction operations to occur had only happened a week before the start of service.
At the start of service, the southern terminus was near Scarfe Avenue in Brantford. There, an old boxcar was used as a temporary station until 1917. This was due to delays in both engineering works around downtown Brantford caused by the cramped geometry of the city and the river, as well as due to disputes between the Lake Erie and Northern Railway Company and the city of Brantford over where the station would be located. The Lake Erie and Northern's preferred station location was at Scarfe Avenue, while the city's preferred location was near the Lorne Bridge. Ultimately, the city's preferred location was chosen.
Service between Brantford and Simcoe began on 2 June 1916. In a false start, service to Port Dover began on July 1, but this ended after only a few hours due to power supply issues. A steam service was substituted to serve beach excursionists until electric service properly resumed on July 22. At Port Dover, services initially terminated at Main Street in the north end of the town. Almost a year later and after signing a joint operations agreement, the Lake Erie and Northern shifted its terminus to the existing Grand Trunk Railway station near the waterfront. This would only last until 1923, when the LE&N built its own station in downtown Port Dover, permanently abandoning its hopes of easy connections via Lake Erie.
With the location of the Brantford station decided, construction began. The unique bi-level station with the Brantford and Hamilton Electric Railway opened in 1917, allowing for smooth passenger transfer which permitted both north–south and east–west travel along frequent electric interurban lines.
Canadian Pacific Electric Lines (1931)
The system reached the peak of its success in 1921, with an annual passenger ridership of 600,000. By this time it had become popular with summer excursion tourists from the industrial cities of Kitchener, Preston, Galt, and Brantford, who wanted to visit Port Dover to access Lake Erie's recreation opportunities. In an early sign of integration with the Grand River Railway, LE&N's rolling stock was renumbered to complement the GRNR's, with the wood-and-steel passenger cars being renumbered as 933, 935, 937 and 939, the trailer cars as 953 and 955, the freight locomotives to 335 and 333, and the combination cars to 797 and 795. Around this time, two new all-steel passenger cars, manufactured by the Preston Car Company, were sold to the LE&N and numbered as 973 and 975. A third freight locomotive, also manufactured by the Preston Car Company, was purchased and numbered as 337.[10]
With the growing system integration between the GRNR and LE&N, freight options were slowly merged, with the two systems operating as a single freight line serving around 450 different industries along the corridor, and GRNR and LE&N locomotives often seen operating as a multi-unit train.[10]
The slow integration process concluded with an amalgamation in 1931 of the two lines under the name Canadian Pacific Electric Lines (CPEL), though the railways remained legally separate entities, and trains maintained their original liveries.
Early decline and renaissance (1931–1950)
While freight traffic remained fairly steady, passenger ridership would never equal the peak in 1921. The advent of the Great Depression decreased the economic benefits and ridership created by tourism, and automobile travel allowed recreational travellers to access summer cottages and resorts along both Lake Huron and Lake Erie more easily, decreasing Port Dover's importance as a tourist hub.
As well, the LE&N system lost a major interconnection point when the Brantford and Hamilton Electric Railway was acquired in 1930 by the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario (the predecessor of Ontario Hydro and Hydro One), and closed halfway through 1931. This cut off the easy passenger connection to Hamilton, further decreasing the viability of the southern half of the line. Still, in 1938 the CPR funded a new "union" station at Galt's Main Street in contemporary art deco-style, a sign of the gradual shift of the centre of the combined lines toward Preston and Galt, rather than Brantford.
In 1944, with the Second World War nearing its close, the unified CPEL system had a brief renaissance, with a total annual system ridership of 1,680,000, almost double that of any other best year. This was typical of the wartime period, when many interurban systems were heavily utilized, as war production stimulated employment and therefore commuter traffic, and electric systems were seen as a way to conserve fuel. This would prove to be fatal to many systems, as the same wartime materials rationing which stimulated traffic on electric systems also robbed them of vital service manpower and materials (especially steel), as these were diverted to war production and to the armed forces.
By the end of the war, the age of interurbans were largely seen to have passed, and many Canadian and American interurban lines had already been shut down and scrapped. Large railway companies increasingly saw passenger service, which had rarely turned a significant profit, as a liability, and were unwilling to maintain and upgrade their existing fleets of decades-old rolling stock.
End of passenger service
In 1950, the CPR made an application with the Canadian Transportation Commission, Canada's federal transportation regulator, to abandon passenger service along the line. Municipalities along the line objected strongly to the application, and indefinite continuation of service was ruled to be in the public good. However, the CTC left the CPEL with a loophole: that unprofitable passenger runs could be cut as long as overall service was not jeopardized. The CPEL had already cut a number of passenger runs before the ruling, and afterward cut more, ending the period of "streetcar type" service along the line. Grand River Railway trains began to terminate at the CPR's mainline station in Galt, breaking the CPEL system in half, as passengers transferring to the LE&N would have to walk three-quarters of a mile south to the Main Street station to transfer. Confusingly, LE&N trains also ran north past Main Street to the CPR station to deliver express packages, but no attempt was made to unify passenger services at the station.
As well as changes in schedules and destinations, the CPR undertook a number of other changes to the system in an attempt to force the total switch from passenger to freight. The combine cars had their passenger capacities reduced and freight increased, with tonnage figures increasing gradually. As well, with rising automobile traffic in the urban areas the railway passed through, trains began to suffer from collisions, such as one in June 1951 with a police truck in Port Dover. In response, the CPR had the cars totally repainted to its signature maroon colour (further erasing the LE&N image and replacing it with the CPEL brand) with black and yellow warning markings for motorists and pedestrians.
By 1954, the CPR's deliberate campaign to sabotage passenger service by decreasing the frequency of trains, scheduling trains at unusual hours, and providing misleading and confusing information to passengers, along with prevailing social factors, had taken their toll, and passenger ridership was down to 160,000 for the entire CPEL system. The CPR transferred its lucrative express shipping operations to truck operations, further undercutting the profitability of passenger operations, and justifying further cuts to service. The company submitted a second application to abandon passenger services, which was accepted in March 1955.
Closure and abandonment
After the end of passenger service, the CPR continued to use electric freight locomotives to serve its freight customers along the line. Passenger bus service was provided by Canada Coach Lines out of Galt, with four trips a day. This service would continue until 1962, when the Galt operations ended. In the same year, the CPR abandoned the section of track from Simcoe to Port Dover, and converted the remainder of the line from electric to diesel, scrapping its power lines. Freight customers along the line were thereafter served by CPR diesel locomotives.
In 1989, CP Rail applied with the Canadian Transportation Agency (CTA) for permission to abandon the remainder of the line. Objections to the application were filed by some remaining freight customers on the line, such as Mitten Vinyl and Paris Technical Ceramics, as well as the Ontario Ministry of Transportation, the mayor of Paris, and the Ontario Locomotive and Car Company (OLC), the latter of which presented a plan to operate tourist trains along the portion of the LE&N line immediately north of Paris. Ultimately the CTA ruled in favour of abandonment, and the line was abandoned with the OLC plan unrealized.[11][12]
