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Diamond Princess (ship)

Diamond Princess is a British-registered cruise ship owned and operated by Princess Cruises. She began operation in March 2004 and primarily cruises in Asia during the northern hemisphere summer and Australia during the southern hemisphere summer. She is a subclassed Grand-class cruise ship ship, which is also known as a Gem-class ship. Diamond Princess and her sister ship, Sapphire Princess, are the widest subclass of Grand-class ships, as they have a 37.5 m beam, while all other Grand-class ships have a beam of 36 m. Diamond Princess and Sapphire Princess were both built in Nagasaki, Japan, by Mitsubishi Industries.

There have been two notable outbreaks of infectious disease on the ship – an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norovirus in 2016 and an outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. In the latter incident, the ship was quarantined for nearly a month with her passengers on board, and her passengers and crew were subject to further quarantine after disembarking. At least 712 out of the 3,711 passengers and crew were infected,[2] and by mid-April 2020 nine had died.[3][4]

Design and description

The diesel-electric plant of Diamond Princess has four diesel generators and a gas turbine generator. The diesel generators are Wärtsilä 46 series common rail engines, two straight 9-cylinder configuration (9L46), and two straight 8-cylinder configuration (8L46). The 8- and 9-cylinder engines can produce approximately 8500 kW and 9500 kW, respectively. These engines are fueled with heavy fuel oil (HFO or bunker c) and marine gas oil (MGO) depending on the local regulations regarding emissions, as MGO produces much lower emissions, but is much more expensive.

The gas turbine generator is a General Electric LM2500, producing a peak of 25000 kW fueled by MGO. This generator is much more expensive to run than the diesel generators, and is used mostly in areas, such as Alaska, where the emissions regulations are strict. It is also used when high speed is required to make it to a port in a shorter time period.

There are two propulsion electric motors, driving fixed-pitch propellers and six thrusters used during maneuvering – three at the bow and three at the stern. The propulsion electric motors (PEMs), are conventional synchronous motors made by Alstom Motors. The two motors are each rated to 20 MW and have a maximum speed of 154 rpm. (Rated speed of 0-145 rpm.)

In June 2017 Diamond Princess was retrofitted with a hull air lubrication system to reduce fuel consumption and related CO2 emissions.[5]

Construction and career

Diamond Princess was built in Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the first Princess Cruises ship to be built in a Japanese shipyard. Her only sister ship is Sapphire Princess, with whom she swapped names during construction. She and her sister ship were the largest cruise ships to be built by Mitsubishi since the Crystal Harmony in 1991.

The ship was originally intended to be christened Sapphire Princess. However, construction of another ship – the one intended to be Diamond Princess (currently sailing as Sapphire Princess) – was delayed when fire swept through her decks during construction. Because completion of the damaged ship would be delayed for some time, her sister ship, which was also under construction, was renamed Diamond Princess. The name swap helped keep the delivery of Diamond Princess on time.[6] Due to the fire and name swap, both vessels would be the last Carnival Corporation & plc vessels built by Mitsubishi until the completion of AIDAprima in 2016.[7]

She was the first Princess Cruises ship to be built in a Japanese shipyard, and the first to forego the controversial "wing" or "shopping cart handle" structure overhanging the stern, which houses the Skywalkers Nightclub on Caribbean Princess, Golden Princess and Star Princess, and which was originally also a feature of Grand Princess prior to her 2011 refit.

Prior to 2014, Diamond Princess alternated sailing north and southbound voyages of the glacier cruises during the northern summer months and in the southern summer, she sailed from Australia and New Zealand. Starting in 2014, she undertook cruises from Yokohama for Tokyo or Kobe in the northern summer season.[8]

For the 2016–17 season, she sailed round-trip cruises in the northern winter months from Singapore.[9] Kota Kinabalu was added as part of her destination along with Vietnamese port of Nha Trang in December 2016.[10] She resumed voyaging from Sydney for the 2017–18 season.[11]

After the 2018 Australia and New Zealand cruises, Diamond Princess was re-positioned into South-East Asia for most of 2018, varying between Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Vietnam, Taiwan and Malaysia.[12]

2016 gastroenteritis cases

In February 2016, Diamond Princess experienced a gastroenteritis outbreak, caused by norovirus sickening 158 passengers and crew on board, as confirmed after arrival in Sydney by NSW Health.[13]

Coronavirus disease 2019

On 20 January 2020, an 80-year-old passenger from Hong Kong embarked in Yokohama, sailed one segment of the itinerary, and disembarked in Hong Kong on 25 January. He visited a local Hong Kong hospital, six days after leaving the ship, where he later tested positive for COVID-19 on 1 February.[14] On its next voyage, 4 February, the ship was in Japanese waters when 10 passengers were diagnosed with COVID-19 during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.[15]

The ship was quarantined on 4 February[14] in the Port of Yokohama in Japan.[16] The infected included at least 138 from India (including 132 crew and 6 passengers), 35 Filipinos, 32 Canadians, 24 Australians, 13 Americans, 4 Indonesians, 4 Malaysians,[17] and 2 Britons.[18][19][20] Home countries arranged to evacuate their citizens and quarantine them further in their own countries. As of 1 March, all on board including the crew and the Italian captain Gennaro Arma had disembarked.[21]

As of 16 March, at least 712 out of the 3,711 passengers and crew had tested positive for the virus.[22][23] As of 14 April, fourteen of those who were on board had died from the disease. On 30 March, the ship was cleared to sail again after the ship was cleaned and disinfected.[24][25][26]

On 16 May, Diamond Princess departed from the Port of Yokohama.[27] Japan ended up paying 94% of the medical expenses incurred by the Diamond Princess passengers.[28] All cruises throughout 2020 remained cancelled[29] and as of March 2021 the ship was bunkering in Malaysia and the outer port limit (OPL) area of Singapore Port.[30]

Quarantine!, a book written by passenger Gay Courter on her experience on board the quarantined vessel, was released in November 2020.[31][32] The HBO documentary The Last Cruise tells the story of the voyage.[33]

Post-pandemic return to service

After the lay-up induced by the COVID-19, Diamond Princess was announced as returning to service in August 2022. However, the first three months of scheduled cruises had to be cancelled due to staffing issues.[34]

Diamond Princess officially returned to service in November 2022.[34]

External links

References

  1. Advanced Masterdata for the Vessel Diamond Princess VesselTracker, 2012, retrieved 24 April 2012^
  2. William Feuer. CDC says coronavirus RNA found in Princess Cruise ship cabins up to 17 days after passengers left CNBC, 28 March 2020, retrieved 19 April 2020^
  3. Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. 横浜港で検疫を行ったクルーズ船に関連した患者の死亡について (About death of patient associated with cruise ship quarantined in Yokohama Port) 14 April 2020^
  4. How Dangerous is Covid-19? 25 August 2020^
  5. Air lubrication system Seatrade-cruise, 14 August 2018, retrieved 17 December 2018^
  6. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Cruise Ship Sapphire Princess To Be Delivered to Princess Cruises Hideo Ikuno, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., 26 May 2004^
  7. AIDAprima headed for Europe after Mitsubishi HI delivery Seatrade Cruise News, Seatrade, 14 March 2016, retrieved 16 March 2016^
  8. Princess Cruises Unveils 2015 Japan Cruise Program Princess Cruises, retrieved 15 July 2015^
  9. Princess Cruises Debuts 2016–2017 Exotics Sailings Princess Cruises, retrieved 15 July 2015^
  10. Mark Elliott. Princess Cruises adds Kota Kinabalu to Asian season Travel Asia Daily, 2 December 2016, retrieved 3 December 2016^
  11. Emerald Princess cruise ship to debut in Sydney: Another cruise giant to call Australia home Traveller, 7 January 2015, retrieved 15 July 2015^
  12. Cruise Search Results:Princess Cruises www.princess.com, retrieved 15 September 2018^
  13. Michelle Brown. Cruise ship hit by norovirus gastroenteritis docks in Sydney ABC News, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), 4 February 2016, retrieved 7 February 2016^
  14. Entries from 1 to 27 February 2020 Updates on Diamond Princess Princess^
  15. Charlie Peel, Angelica Snowden. Coronavirus: Cases double on Diamond Princess overnight, still in lockdown The Australian, 6 February 2020, retrieved 6 February 2020^
  16. Julia Thompson, Hannah Yasharoff. Coronavirus cases on Diamond Princess soar past 500, site of most infections outside China USA Today, retrieved 18 February 2020^
  17. Kalbana Perimbanayagam. Dr Dzulkefly: Only four Malaysians on board Diamond Princess New Straits Times, 18 February 2020, retrieved 28 February 2020^
  18. Ted Fraser. Number of Canadians on Diamond Princess testing positive for COVID-19 virus rises to 32 The Toronto Star, 17 February 2020, retrieved 18 February 2020^
  19. Justin McCurry Rebecca Ratcliffe in Bangkok. British couple on Diamond Princess question positive coronavirus test The Guardian, 18 February 2020, retrieved 18 February 2020^
  20. Daniel Allman, Hollie Silverman, Konstantin Toropin. 13 Americans moved to Omaha facility from evacuation flights, US officials say CNN, 17 February 2020, retrieved 18 February 2020^
  21. All crew members have left virus-hit ship in Japan: Minister News24, 1 March 2020, retrieved 4 March 2020^
  22. 新型コロナウイルス感染症の現在の状況と厚生労働省の対応について（令和２年３月17日版） Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 17 March 2020, retrieved 17 March 2020^
  23. クルーズ船感染者数６９６人に訂正 厚労省 Sankei Digital, Inc., 5 March 2020^
  24. Patrick Clarke. Diamond Princess Cleared to Sail Following Thorough Cleaning travelpulse.com, 1 April 2020, retrieved 2 April 2020^
  25. 横浜港で検疫を行ったクルーズ船に関連した患者の死亡について www.mhlw.go.jp, 10 April 2020, retrieved 2021-03-12^
  26. 横浜港で検疫を行ったクルーズ船に関連した患者の死亡について www.mhlw.go.jp, 15 April 2020, retrieved 2021-03-12^
  27. 「ダイヤモンド・プリンセス」が横浜港を出港 マレーシアへ NHK, 16 May 2020, retrieved 16 May 2020^
  28. Japan paid 94% of medical costs for foreign passengers on coronavirus-hit cruise ship The Japan News, November 12, 2020, retrieved 2021-03-12^
  29. Carnival's North American Brands Cancel Sailings Until 2021 TravelPulse, retrieved 2021-03-12^
  30. DIAMOND PRINCESS, Passenger (Cruise) Ship - Details and current position - IMO 9228198 MMSI 235103359 - VesselFinder www.vesselfinder.com, retrieved 2021-03-12^
  31. Briona Arradondo. Author details first months of pandemic spent on cruise ship, in quarantine FOX 13 News, 2020-11-12, retrieved 2021-03-12^
  32. Gay Courter. New book relives Diamond Princess Covid catastrophe Asia Times, 2020-11-11, retrieved 2021-03-12^
  33. Hannah Sampson. 'Afraid we would never see our families again': HBO documentary highlights agony of Diamond Princess crew The Washington Post, April 1, 2021^
  34. Diamond Princess, known for its COVID outbreak, returns to service for first time since 2020^
  35. Simon Denyer. Honeymooner among 61 people on cruise ship confirmed as having coronavirus The Washington Post, 7 February 2020, retrieved 7 February 2020^