Animaniacs

Development

Following the success of Tiny Toon Adventures, Steven Spielberg offered series creator Tom Ruegger a chance to develop another television series.[7] While walking around the studio lot and seeing the Warner Bros. Water Tower,[7][8] Ruegger took inspiration from the Marx Brothers to create Yakko, Wakko, and Dot and wanted to incorporate them into a "contemporary Little Rascals' situation".[4] The personalities of the siblings were based on Ruegger's three sons.[6][8]

Slappy Squirrel was based on a suggestion by Sherri Stoner, one of the producers and writers for Tiny Toon Adventures, that she acted like a teenager during her adulthood. Other characters were based on staff members' children or experiences, cartoons, and films.[6] The Goodfeathers trio, Bobby, Pesto, and Squit, were based on Joe Pesci's Tommy DeVito, Robert De Niro's Jimmy Conway, and Ray Liotta's Henry Hill from Goodfellas (1990).[5]

Spielberg approved and rejected 25 sets of characters and their concepts pitched by Ruegger and his team in his home with the assistance of his children.[4][7][8] Four or five sets of characters were approved; several of them were rejected, including Nipsy and Russell, Bossy Beaver and Doyle, and the amoeba stars of "As the Petri Dish Turns".[8] Nearly rejected, one of Spielberg's children approved Buttons and Mindy.[8]

With the cost of $400,000 per episode, the series was produced with a budget of nearly $26 million for the first season, which was nearly $1 million more than the budget of the first season of Tiny Toon Adventures. Following the end of the series, Wakko's Wish was developed.[14]

Writing

Animaniacs was written for an audience of all ages, emphasizing aspects for comedic purposes. Some ideas were based on the writers' lives.[15] Cultural references were added to target a slightly older audience.[16] Several jokes were improvised in recording sessions. A few segments were affected by censorship. For three months, the production wrangled with the censors to air the scene where a parodied caricature of Elizabeth II sits on a whoopee cushion in the segment "Windsor Hassle". Not finding the script funny, censors rejected the segment featuring Yakko, Wakko, and Dot tormenting a group of censors.

Animaniacs was developed following the passage of the Children's Television Act in 1990, which required programming aimed at children to include educational content. The writers worked this into the show by featuring segments involving the characters interacting with historical figures and creating songs like "Yakko's World" to serve as educational content.[17]

Voice actors

Animaniacs features the voices of Rob Paulsen as Yakko and Pinky, Jess Harnell as Wakko, Tress MacNeille as Dot, and Maurice LaMarche as the Brain. For voice actors to audition for the series, voice director Andrea Romano, Ruegger, and a few others called them to sit at a table in the SoundCastle studio and develop ideas for the voices of the characters. Paulsen auditioned for Yakko by sounding like comedian Groucho Marx and Pinky by giving him a Cockney accent inspired by English comedians, such as the Monty Python comedy troupe and various comedians in The Goon Show, getting callbacks during an eight-week process.[18] Paulsen also voiced Dr. Otto Scratchansniff.[19] Ranking as the "best stuff he has ever done", Paulsen recorded his lines for four hours per episode.[19]

Having previously worked with Ruegger and Spielberg on Tiny Toon Adventures, MacNeille was invited to audition for Dot since her voice was similar to Babs Bunny.[4][20] During the last week of auditions, Harnell was invited to audition for the series, imitating impressions while Ruegger shouted each celebrity through an almanac.[4] As Harnell showed his impressions of each band member of The Beatles, Harnell auditioned for Wakko by doing a younger impression of Ringo Starr at Romano's suggestion.[4][21]

While auditioning for various characters, LaMarche thought the Brain resembled Orson Welles, doing an impression of "two-thirds Welles [and] one-third Vincent Price".[20] LaMarche became Romano's only choice for the character. LaMarche approached voicing the Brain seriously, investing it with depth and a sense of morality. He did a direct impression of Welles for the episode "Yes, Always". Ruegger's oldest son, Nathan, voiced Slappy Squirrel's nephew, Skippy.[22] Rita's voice was provided by Bernadette Peters.

Designs and animation

Inspired by cartoon stars from the early 1930s,[4][23] Ruegger and other artists drew the Warner siblings similar to the animated characters from the time period,[23] serving as inspirations, including Felix the Cat, Bosko, and Foxy.[7] Yakko's design was largely inspired by Groucho Marx; Wakko's design resembled Groucho's older brother, Harpo Marx.[4] Brain's design resembled writer Tom Minton.

The animation was completed at Tokyo Movie Shinsha and Seoul Movie in Japan,[6][24] StarToons in Chicago (with ink and paint services provided by an animation studio in Seoul),[24][25] Wang Film Productions in Taiwan,[6][24] Freelance Animators New Zealand in New Zealand,[24] and AKOM in South Korea.[6][24][26] The show used 10,000 more drawings than other animated television series.[27]

Music

Spielberg originated the idea to compose an original score for every episode.[28] The series's main composer is Richard Stone. Having previously worked on Tiny Toon Adventures, Stone approached his scoring by incorporating techniques similar to Carl W. Stalling's work and scoring several parodies of Broadway musicals. He also composed the theme song.[29] Other composers were contracted to write original underscores, including Steve and Julie Bernstein.

Using a 29- to 32-player orchestra, the orchestra used a French horn for opera parodies, a harp for Christmas specials, and a specific instrument for individual segments.[30] In some sessions, the music score for individual segments or a full episode is finished for a maximum of 22 minutes per day. Other sessions combine the cues of the series with cues from Pinky and the Brain and Freakazoid!. Between 45 and 50 ending gags were individually scored for two hours in one day; each one lasted one to thirteen seconds.

At Spielberg's suggestion, each segment has a specific style of music. The music score of the Warner siblings' segments was inspired by early Warner Bros. cartoons and Tiny Toon Adventures. The music score of "The Goodfeathers" segments was composed in the style of Martin Scorsese's films and The Godfather. Stone played the mandolin in the first segments of "The Goodfeathers". Ruegger incorporated Antonín Dvořák's Humoresques for the theme song of the segments featuring Slappy Squirrel. For several months, Ruegger battled with censors to air the song "Lake Titicaca".[27]

Critical response

During the original run, Animaniacs received acclaim from critics.[46][47] Upon its debut, Jennifer Mangan of the Chicago Tribune and Diane Werts of Newsday picked the series as a highlight of the 1993–94 television season.[48][49] Several critics lauded the humor, finding the series funny.[36][50] Greg Kennedy of the Edmonton Journal ranked the Warner siblings as "the funniest cartoon animals since the original Looney Tunes" and stated that the series was "destined to become an animation classic".[51] The Toronto Star 's Norman Wilher compared the series to Tiny Toon Adventures, stating that Animaniacs is "less structured and a lot funnier".[52] Critics, such as Evan Levine of United Features Syndicate,[53] Joal Ryan of Pasadena Star-News,[54] and Wertz, highlighted its allusions, connections, and parodies.[49] A few critics also highlighted its appeal to kids and adults.[4][50] In a less complimentary review, Barry Garron of The Kansas City Star said that "the silliness is [mostly] uninspired[,] and the humor [is] lacking".[55]

Most critics, such as N. F. Mendoza of The Los Angeles Times,[1] The Salt Lake Tribune 's Randy Peterson,[56][57] and animation historian Charles Solomon of The Los Angeles Times, praised the high-quality animation and visuals.[31] Levine and Ryan deemed the animation and visuals superior to other animated television series.[53][54] Curtis Ross of The Tampa Tribune noted that "the characters move with a fluidity too long absent from [Tiny Toons]."[4] In a divided review, Maryland-based writer Paula O'Keefe noted the inconsistency of animation, reviewing that Tokyo Movie Shinsha's animation was "excellent", AKOM and Wang Film Productions' animation was "competent", and Freelance Animators New Zealand and StarToons' animation was "sadly awkward and unappealing".[24] Some critics highlighted the music, commending it as clever, silly, and witty.

While Levine reviewed that the "characters and plots are generally amusing",[53] Solomon said that the characters "never emerged [coherently]".[31] A few critics dismissed individual segments used in the series. O'Keefe criticized individual segments featuring Buttons and Mindy, Rita and Runt, the Goodfeathers, and the Hip Hippos.[24] Nora McArt of the Brainerd Dispatch dismissed some of the segments, reviewing that they "try too hard to be sophomorically outrageous, simply end[ing] up being stupid and dull".[22]

For the theatrical short "I'm Mad", a few critics, such as Steve Persall of St. Petersburg Times and Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune, deemed the short superior to the film.[58][59] Writing for the New York Daily News, film critic Jami Bernard lauded the animation, deeming it similar to the original Looney Tunes cartoons.[60] Paul Malcolm of LA Weekly called the short "a major disappointment".[61]

In 2009, IGN ranked Animaniacs as the 17th-greatest animated series of all time in their own top 100 animated series of all time list.[62] Writing a retrospective review in Entertainment Weekly in 2011, John Young praised the humor and musical numbers, including references that he was unable to understand at the time.[63] In 2021, the Chicago Tribune named it the 66th-best television series of the 1990s.[64] In 2023, Vanity Fair praised the show.[7]

Awards and nominations

Video games

Due to the popularity of the show, a total of nine video games were based on the Animaniacs series for various consoles.[96] The list includes titles such as Animaniacs (1994),[97][98] Animaniacs Game Pack! (1997),[99] Animaniacs: Ten Pin Alley (1998),[100] Animaniacs: A Gigantic Adventure (1999),[101] Animaniacs: The Great Edgar Hunt (2005)[102] and Animaniacs: Lights, Camera, Action! (2005).[103][104] An additional game for the Game Boy Advance, titled Animaniacs: Hollywood Hypnotics, was produced but cancelled before release.[96]

Revival

A revival series of Animaniacs was ordered by Hulu in May 2017 for an initial two-season order, following the popularity of the original series after Netflix had added it to its library in 2016.[105] Spielberg was heavily involved with working on the revival and insisting on returning the original voice cast and its elements.[106][107] Wellesley Wild served as the showrunner and as executive producer along with Gabe Swarr.[108] The first season was released on November 20, 2020. The second season was released on November 5, 2021;[109] the third and final season was released on February 17, 2023.

Books

Magazine articles