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Amgen

Amgen Inc. is an American multinational biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California. The company is ranked 18th on the list of largest biomedical companies by revenue. The name "AMGen" is a portmanteau of the company's original name, Applied Molecular Genetics.

The company's major products are Prolia and XGEVA (Denosumab) for treatment of osteoporosis and bone diseases ($6.7 billion in total 2024 revenues), Enbrel (Etanercept) for treatment of autoimmune diseases ($3.3 billion in 2024 revenues), Repatha (evolocumab) for treatment of hyperlipidemia ($2.3 billion in 2024 revenues), Otezla (apremilast) for treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis ($2.1 billion in 2024 revenues), Tepezza (teprotumumab) to treat Graves' ophthalmopathy ($1.8 billion in 2024 revenues), Evenity (romosozumab) to treat osteoporosis ($1.5 billion in 2024 revenues), Kyprolis (carfilzomib) to treat cancer ($1.5 billion in 2024 revenues), Nplate (romiplostim) to regulate platelet production ($1.4 billion in 2024 revenues), and Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa) to stimulate erythropoiesis ($1.3 billion in 2024 revenues).[1]

Amgen has 17 clinical programs underway in Phase III, eight in Phase II, and 19 in Phase I. Its pipeline includes MariTide, an anti-obesity medication administered once per month by injection.[2]

The company receives approximately 80% of its revenues from sales to the three large U.S. drug wholesalers: McKesson Corporation, Cencora, and Cardinal Health.[1]

The company is ranked 134th on the Fortune 500[3] and 202nd on the Forbes Global 2000.[4]

In 2020, the company was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).[5]

History

In April 1980, Amgen was founded in Thousand Oaks as Applied Molecular Genetics.[6] Amgen was backed by a small group of venture capitalists, and its early focus was on recombinant DNA technology and recombinant human insulin.[7]

Winston Salser, a molecular biologist at UCLA recruited its initial scientific advisory board consisting of Norman Davidson, Leroy Hood, Arnold Berk, John Carbon, Robert Schimke, Arno Motulsky, Marvin H. Caruthers, and Dave Gibson.[8] In October 1980, Amgen named George Rathmann its first president and chief executive officer.[7][9]

On June 17, 1983, Amgen became a public company via an initial public offering, selling two million common shares and raising nearly $40 million.[10][11][12] That same year, after more than two years of work, an Amgen research team led by Fu-Kuen Lin found and cloned the erythropoietin gene, a protein created in the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production. Lin's team created what would become Epogen (epoetin alfa).[13][14]

In June 1984, Amgen and Kirin Brewery Company formed a joint venture giving Kirin the rights to Epogen in Japan, while Amgen retained United States distribution rights; both companies had the opportunity to expand to other countries.[15] This joint venture gave way in 2017 to a new joint venture, Kirin-Amgen, which bought out Kirin Holdings stake.[16] A year later, Amgen researcher Larry Souza and his team cloned granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), leading to the development of Neupogen (filgrastim).[14][17][18]

In October 1988, Gordon Binder was named CEO, succeeding George Rathmann.[19] The following year, in 1989, Amgen received approval for the first recombinant human erythropoetin product, Epogen (epoetin alfa).[20]

In February 1991, Amgen received FDA approval for Neupogen for the prevention of infections in patients whose immune systems are suppressed due to cancer chemotherapy.[21]

Amgen opened a new manufacturing facility in Puerto Rico, in March 1993, which later became the company's flagship manufacturing site.[22]

In 1994, Amgen became the fifth company to receive the National Medal of Technology and Innovation from the United States Department of Commerce, in recognition of its work developing medicines to improve quality of life for kidney and cancer patients.[23] Also around this time, Amgen researcher Steve Elliott and his team added more sugar molecules to erythropoietin, causing it to remain in the body longer. This led to the development of Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa).[24]

2000–2014

Binder was succeeded as CEO by Kevin W. Sharer in 2000.[25] Robert A. Bradway became Amgen's president and chief executive officer in May 2012, following Sharer's retirement.[26]

In June 2010, Amgen received approval by the Food and Drug Administration for Prolia, a protein drug for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis.[27] In clinical trials, Prolia reduced the rate of vertebral fractures by 61% and the risk of hip fractures by 40%.[28] In November 2010, the FDA approved Xgeva for the prevention of complications of bone metastases in patients with solid tumors.[29] The clinical trials primarily enrolled patients with breast or prostate cancer.

In March 2011, Amgen acquired a manufacturing facility near Dublin, Ireland.[30]

Amgen opened an affiliate in China in 2013.[31][32]

In November 2014, the company halted all trials of rilotumumab in advanced gastric cancer patients after one of the trials found more deaths in those who took the compound with chemotherapy, than those without.[33] Also in November 2014, the company, in conjunction with AstraZeneca, reported positive results for brodalumab in a Phase III trial comparing the compound with ustekinumab and a placebo in treating psoriasis.[34] In the same month, construction was completed on Amgen's next-generation biomanufacturing facility in Singapore.[35] Blincyto (blinatumomab) was approved by the FDA in December of that year.[36][37]

2015–2020

In March 2015, the company announced that it would license its Phase II candidate drug AMG 714 to Celimmune, which will develop the anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody for treatment against diet nonresponsive celiac disease and refractory celiac disease.[38] In August 2015, Repatha (evolocumab) was approved by the FDA.[39]

In September 2016, the company announced it would purchase the rights to Boehringer Ingelheims Phase I bispecific T-cell engager compound (BI 836909, now AMG 420) for use in the treatment of multiple myeloma.[40] Also in September, the FDA approved Amjevita (adalimumab-atto).[41] The FDA approved Parsabiv in February 2017[42] and Mvasi (bevacizumab-awwb) in September.[43]

In July 2018, Amgen began constructing a biomanufacturing plant at its campus in West Greenwich, Rhode Island.[44][45]

In January 2019, Evenity (romosozumab) received approval in Japan,[46][47] followed by FDA approval in April.[48] In June, Kanjinti (trastuzumab-anns) was approved by the FDA.[49]

In December 2019, the FDA approved Avsola (infliximab-axxq).[50]

In September 2019, FDA granted fast track designation to sotorasib for the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with the KRAS G12C mutation.[51]

In April 2020, Amgen established Amgen K.K. as the company's wholly owned affiliate in Japan.[52][53] The company announced in July that the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit had upheld the validity of two Amgen patents that described and claimed Enbrel and methods for making it. The appellate court affirmed an August 2019 decision by the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey and rejected Sandoz's attempt to invalidate the patents on Enbrel.[54]

In August 2020, Amgen, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, and AbbVie, as part of a COVID-19 research and development (R&D) alliance, announced the first patients enrolled in the I-SPY COVID clinical trial. The trial evaluated the efficacy of Otezla and two other medicines in severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients who required high-flow oxygen.[55]

In September 2020, Amgen and Eli Lilly and Company announced a global manufacturing collaboration for COVID-19 antibody therapies.[56]

In October 2020, Amgen announced positive topline Phase 2 results from the CodeBreaK 100 clinical study, evaluating sotorasib in 126 patients with KRAS G12C-mutant advanced NSCLC who had failed three or fewer prior lines of anti-cancer therapies (including immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy).[57] Amgen, the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, and Eisai Co., Ltd. also announced enrollment of the first patient in a study testing multiple interventions for the treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19.[58]

In November 2020, Amgen, Takeda, and UCB, as part of the COVID R&D alliance, announced the first patient enrolled in another trial evaluating Otezla and two other drugs as treatments for COVID-19.[59] Amgen also announced that it would terminate its collaboration with Cytokinetics and transition the development and commercialization rights for omecamtiv mecarbil and AMG 594.[60] Amgen and AstraZeneca announced positive topline results from a Phase 3 trial in which the investigational medicine tezepelumab demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in exacerbations in patients with severe asthma.[61]

In December 2020, the FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation to sotorasib for advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients with KRAS G12C mutation.[62] Also in December 2020, the FDA approved Riabni (rituximab-arrx), a biosimilar to Rituxan.[63][64]

In April 2021, the company acquired Five Prime Therapeutics and its lead candidate, bemarituzumab, for $1.9 billion.[65][66][67][68]

In the March 2021, Amgen acquired Rodeo Therapeutics for $720 million.[69][70]

In May 2021, sotorasib received accelerated approval from FDA for treatment of adult patients with NSCLC whose tumors have a KRAS G12C mutation and who have received at least one prior systemic therapy; this was the first approved targeted therapy for tumors with any KRAS mutation.[71] Similar approvals for sotorasib in NSCLC followed in January 2022 in Europe[72] and Japan.[73] The FDA approved Amgen's Lumakras in May for treatment of patients with KRAS-G12C-mutated non-small cell lung cancer.[74]

In June 2021, Amgen and Kyowa Kirin announced joint plans to develop and commercialize a treatment for atopic dermatitis.[75] In October, Amgen and Neumora Therapeutics announced a research and development collaboration focused on novel precision therapies for certain brain diseases.[76][77] Amgen began construction on a new biomanufacturing plant in New Albany, Ohio, in November.[78] In December, the FDA approved Amgen and AstraZeneca's Tezspire (tezepelumab) for severe asthma.[79] The FDA also approved Amgen's Otezla for adults with plaque psoriasis of any severity level.[80]

Amgen announced a research collaboration in January 2022 with Generate Biomedicines across multiple modalities and several therapeutic areas for up to $1.9 billion.[81][82] The company also launched a multi-target collaboration with Arrakis Therapeutics to identify novel targeted RNA degrader therapeutics.[83][84] The next month, Amgen entered a multi-year collaboration with Plexium to discover novel targeted protein degradation therapies.[85][86] Also in February, Amgen issued its first green bond to fund various environmentally friendly initiatives across the company.[87][88] The company broke ground on a new manufacturing facility in Holly Springs, North Carolina, in March.[89][90]

In September 2022, data from a late-stage study showed the company's cancer pill Lumakras (sotorasib) beating out chemotherapy. This was the first approved drug in the set of treatments that target KRAS, among the most common generic mutations found in cancers. The drug was approved in 2021 with a list price of $17,900 per month.[91]

In October 2022, the company acquired ChemoCentryx, the maker of Tavneos—a drug treatment for rare diseases called anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis, for $3.7 billion in an all-cash deal.[92][93][94]

In October 2023, Amgen acquired Horizon Therapeutics, specializing in drugs for rare diseases, for $27.8 billion.[95][96]

In November 2023, Amgen announced plans to use artificial intelligence in partnership with Amazon Web Services to help discover and create medicines and use the Amazon SageMaker machine learning service to help with the manufacturing process.[97]

In March 2025, data for the drug Tezspire (tezepelumab), showed the best results for treating chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.[98]

Also in March 2025, Amgen announced the start of two late-stage trials for MariTide, an anti-obesity medication candidate.[99][100] In June 2025, the company noted that it had to reduce the dosage of the drug to avoid side effects such as vomiting.[101] However, patients that continued to take the drug lost approximately 20% of their body weight.[102]

In April 2025, the company announced a $900 million expansion of its facility in New Albany, Ohio.[103] In September 2025, it announced plans to build a $600 million research center in Thousand Oaks, California.[104]

Acquisition history

  • Amgen Inc. (Founded 1983 as Applied Molecular Genetics)
  • Synergen Inc (Acq 1994) [105]
  • Kinetix Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2000) [106]
  • Immunex Corporation (Acq 2002)
  • Tularik Inc (Acq 2004)
  • Abgenix Inc (Acq 2006)
  • Avidia Inc (Acq 2006) [107]
  • Alantos Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2007) [108]
  • Ilypsa Inc (Acq 2007) [109]
  • BioVex Group Inc (Acq 2011)
  • Micromet Inc (Acq 2012)
  • Mustafa Nevzat İlaç (Acq 2012)
  • KAI Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2012)
  • deCODE genetics (Acq 2012)
  • Onyx Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2013)
  • Proteolix (Acq 2009)
  • NextCODE genetics (Spun off 2013)
  • Dezima Pharma (Acq 2015)
  • Catherex (Acq 2015) <[110]
  • Nuevolution AB (Acq 2019)
  • Otezla (apremilast) (Acq 2019) <[111]
  • Five Prime Therapeutics (Acq 2021) <[112]
  • Rodeo Therapeutics Corporation (Acq 2021) <[113]
  • Teneobio (Acq 2021)
  • ChemoCentryx (Acq 2022) <[114]
  • Horizon Therapeutics (Acq 2023)
  • Vidara Therapeutics International (Acq 2014)
  • Hyperion Therapeutics (Acq 2015)
  • Crealta Holdings (Acq 2015)
  • Raptor Pharmaceutical (Acq 2016)
  • River Vision Development Corp. (Acq 2017)
  • Viela Bio Inc (Acq 2021) <[115]

Corporate affairs

Sponsorships

In December 2023, Amgen became the title sponsor of the Irish Open in golf, renaming it the Amgen Irish Open.<[116]

Philanthropy

In October 2017, the Amgen Foundation pledged $3 million to Khan Academy to support the development of free online biology lessons.<[117]<[118] In July 2020, Amgen granted an additional $3 million Khan Academy to support educational equity and science learning.<[119]<[120]

In January 2020, the Amgen Foundation and Harvard University debuted LabXchange, a free online science education platform.<[121]<[122] Amgen and the Amgen Foundation announced a commitment of up to $12.5 million to support COVID-19 relief efforts in March.<[123]

In November 2021, Amgen awarded a $2 million grant to the CDC Foundation to launch the latter's EmPOWERED Health Program, promoting patient engagement in decision making for cancer treatments.<[124]

Politics

The company spends approximately $10 million per year on lobbying in the United States. Political contributions have mostly been to individuals and organizations associated with the Democratic Party.<[125]

Products

Amgen's approved drugs or therapeutic biologicals include:

  • Aimovig (erenumab-aooe) for migraine headaches (FDA approved May 2018)<[126]
  • Amjevita (adalimumab)<[41] (FDA approved September 2016)
  • Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa) for anemia (FDA approval in September 2001)<[127]
  • Blincyto (blinatumomab for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia)<[128]
  • Corlanor (ivabradine)
  • Enbrel (etanercept) for various forms of arthritis
  • Epogen (erythropoietin) for anemia
  • Evenity (romosozumab-aqqg) for osteoporosis
  • Imlygic (talimogene laherparepvec) for local treatment of unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, and nodal lesions in melanoma recurrent after initial surgery (FDA approved October 2015)<[129]
  • Kanjinti (trastuzumab-anns)<[49] (FDA approved June 2019)
  • Krystexxa (pegloticase)
  • Kyprolis (carfilzomib)
  • Lumakras (sotorasib)<[74]
  • Mvasi (bevacizumab-awwb)<[43]
  • Neulasta (pegfilgrastim) for neutropenia (FDA approved 2002)<[130]
  • Neupogen (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) for neutropenia
  • Nplate (romiplostim) for chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (FDA approved 2008)<[131]<[132]
  • Otezla (apremilast)<[133]
  • Parsabiv (etelcalcetide)
  • Prolia (denosumab) for postmenopausal osteoporosis
  • Repatha (evolocumab)
  • Riabni (rituximab-arrx)<[63]
  • Sensipar/Mimpara (cinacalcet for primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, a mineral metabolism complication common in patients with kidney failure) (FDA approved 2004)<[134]<[135]
  • Tepezza (teprotumumab)
  • Tezspire (tezepelumab-ekko)<[79]
  • Tavneos (avacopan)
  • Uplizna (inebilizumab)
  • Vectibix (panitumumab for colon cancer) (FDA approved 2006)<[136]
  • Xgeva (denosumab) for the prevention of skeletal-related events (pathological fracture, radiation to bone, spinal cord compression or surgery to bone in adults with bone metastases from solid tumors)

Products developed and then sold

  • Kepivance (palifermin for oral mucositis, sold to Biovitrium, now Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, in December 2008<[137]
  • StemGen (ancestim) for use in combination with filgrastim for mobilizing peripheral hematopoietic stem cells) (sold to Biovitrium, now Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, in December 2008)<[137]
  • Kineret (anakinra) for rheumatoid arthritis, exclusively licensed to Biovitrium, now Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, in December 2008<[137]

Legal issues

In December 2012, Amgen plead guilty and agreed to pay $150 million in criminal penalty and $612 million to resolve 11 related whistleblower complaint related to improper marketing of anemia drug Aranesp. According to the United States Department of Justice, Amgen sold the drug for off-label uses at dosages that the FDA had rejected or never approved.<[138]<[139]

In May 2025, a jury ruled that Amgen owes Regeneron $406 million for engaging in anticompetitive practices to increase sales of its cholesterol-reduction drug Repatha at the expense of Regeneron's Praluent.<[140]

See also

  • Kirin-Amgen v Hoechst Marion Roussel, a UK patent case decided by the House of Lords
  • Amgen Inc. v. Harris, a United States Supreme Court case on employment law.
  • Evolocumab
  • Amgen Inc v. Sanofi, a United States Supreme Court case on patent enablement.

External links

References

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  2. Amgen Pipeline Amgen Pipeline^
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  36. Donna Przepiorka, Chia-Wen Ko, Albert Deisseroth, Carolyn L. Yancey, Reyes Candau-Chacon, Haw-Jyh Chiu, Brenda J. Gehrke, Candace Gomez-Broughton. FDA Approval: Blinatumomab Clinical Cancer Research, September 15, 2015^
  37. FDA Approves Blinatumomab to Treat Rare Form of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia American Society of Clinical Oncology, December 15, 2014^
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  39. Gina Kolata. F.D.A. Approves Repatha, a Second Drug for Cholesterol in a Potent New Class The New York Times, August 27, 2015^
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  96. Manas Mishra, Bhanvi Satija. Amgen dives deeper into rare disease drugs with $27.8 BLN Horizon deal Reuters, December 12, 2022^
  97. AWS Joins Forces With Amgen on Generative AI Solutions to Accelerate Advanced Therapies Business Wire, November 28, 2023^
  98. Angus Liu. Amgen, AZ Tezspire sinusitis data invite 'best-in-disease' talk Fierce Pharma, Questex, March 3, 2025^
  99. Damian Garde. Amgen Starts Final-Stage Studies of Its Monthly Obesity Drug Bloomberg News, March 5, 2025^
  100. Annika Kim Constantino. Amgen starts two critical late-stage trials for weight loss drug MariTide CNBC, March 5, 2025^
  101. Deena Beasley. Amgen experimental weight-loss drug needs lower dose to limit side effects Reuters, June 24, 2025^
  102. Elaine Chen. Amgen's obesity drug led to high discontinuation rates in mid-stage trial, as company plans to adjust dosing Stat, June 23, 2025^
  103. Carrie Ghose. Amgen to invest $900 million in New Albany expansion, nearly doubling job creation American City Business Journals, April 25, 2025^
  104. Tony Biasotti. Amgen to build $600M research center in Thousand Oaks Ventura County Star, September 3, 2025^
  105. David Olmos. Amgen to Acquire Synergen in $239-Million Biotech Deal Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1994^
  106. Barbara Murphy. Amgen Agrees to Buy Drug Maker Kinetix Los Angeles Times, October 24, 2000^
  107. Amgen Agrees to Acquire Biotech Company Avidia The Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2006^
  108. Amgen to Acquire Alantos Pharmaceuticals Technology Networks, June 8, 2007^
  109. Amgen to Acquire Ilypsa for $420M Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, June 5, 2007^
  110. Medigene AG: Amgen acquires Medigene spin-off Catherex FierceBiotech, December 21, 2015^
  111. Michael Erman, Manas Mishra. Amgen to buy Celgene psoriasis drug Otezla for $13.4 billion Reuters, August 26, 2019^
  112. Ben Adams. Prime time for Five Prime as Amgen snaps up this once-moribund biotech for $1.9B and its phoenix-from-the-flames cancer asset FierceBiotech, March 4, 2021^
  113. Amirah Al Idrus. Amgen saddles up with Rodeo for a $55M trek into regenerative medicine FierceBiotech, March 30, 2021^
  114. Alex Philippidis. Amgen to Acquire ChemoCentryx for $3.7B, Bolstering Autoimmune Portfolio Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, August 5, 2022^
  115. Jacob Bell, Ben Fidler. Horizon acquires Viela Bio for $3B in a windfall for AstraZeneca Biopharma Dive, Informa, February 1, 2021^
  116. Irish Open sponsor name change after Amgen's takeover of Horizon Irish Independent, December 14, 2023^
  117. Alex Vuocolo. Khan Academy Founder Says $3M Grant Will Help Tackle Inequities in Virtual Education Cheddar, June 23, 2020^
  118. Alexa D'Angelo. Amgen Foundation awards Khan Academy $3 million to support development of biology Ventura County Star, October 29, 2017^
  119. Amgen Foundation awards $3 million to Khan Academy Candid, July 24, 2020^
  120. Brett Molina. Q&A: Khan Academy CEO Sal Khan on the new school year and virtual learning USA Today, July 30, 2020^
  121. Rhea Kelly. Amgen and Harvard Launch Free Online Science Ed Platform -- Campus Technology Campus Technology, January 24, 2020^
  122. Natalie L. Kahn, Andy Z. Wang. Harvard's LabXChange Provides Platform for Remote Scientific Learning During Pandemic The Harvard Crimson, April 8, 2020^
  123. Amgen, AT&T, Others Announce Commitments for COVID-19 Response Candid, March 25, 2020^
  124. CDC Foundation Active Programs October 1, 2020 – September 30, 2021 CDC Foundation, December 9, 2021^
  125. Amgen Inc. OpenSecrets^
  126. Lisa A. Raedler. Aimovig (Erenumab-aooe) First CGRP Receptor Antagonist Approved for the Prevention of Migraine in Adults American Health & Drug Benefits, April 15, 2019^
  127. Andrew Pollack. F.D.A. Approves New Version of Amgen Drug The New York Times, September 19, 2001^
  128. Food and Drug Administration December 3, 2014 FDA Press release: Blinatumomab^
  129. Bill Berkrot. FDA approves Amgen's injected immunotherapy for melanoma Reuters, October 27, 2015^
  130. FDA approves Amgen's new-generation filgrastim product, Neulasta www.thepharmaletter.com, November 2, 2002^
  131. Susan Heavey. U.S. FDA approves Amgen's blood platelet booster Reuters, August 22, 2008^
  132. Faranak Jamali, Steven Lemery, Kassa Ayalew, Suzanne Robottom, Kathy Robie-Suh, Dwaine Rieves, Richard Pazdur. Romiplostim for the treatment of chronic immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.), July 2009^
  133. Fleur Jeffries. Amgen shares new Otezla data at American Academy of Dermatology congress 2022 PMLive, March 28, 2022^
  134. New FDA Approvals clinician.com, May 1, 2004^
  135. Drug Approval Package: Sensipar (Cinacalcet HCI) NDA #021688 U.S. Food and Drug Administration^
  136. Ruthann M. Giusti, Kaushikkumar A. Shastri, Martin H. Cohen, Patricia Keegan, Richard Pazdur. FDA drug approval summary: panitumumab (Vectibix) The Oncologist, May 2007^
  137. Biovitrum and Amgen Announce Close of Product Acquisition Deal GlobeNewswire, December 16, 2008^
  138. Chad Terhune. Amgen pleads guilty to improper marketing of anemia drug Aranesp Los Angeles Times, December 18, 2012^
  139. Amgen Inc. Pleads Guilty to Federal Charge in Brooklyn, NY.;Pays $762 Million to Resolve Criminal Liability and False Claims Act Allegations United States Department of Justice, December 19, 2012^
  140. Blake Brittain. Amgen owes $406 million for monopolizing cholesterol drug market, US jury says Reuters, May 15, 2025^