A Beautiful Planet

Exoplanet Kepler-186f

The final scenes of A Beautiful Planet briefly examine the exoplanet of Kepler-186f, which was discovered in 2014. It was the first planet found to be orbiting within its star's habitable zone with a mass similar to Earth.[13] Liquid water could conceivably exist in that orbital area without freezing or vaporizing. It was the first discovery of an Earth-sized planet on which life could reside.[14] The name "Kepler" comes from its discovery by the Kepler space telescope, or "NASA Discovery Mission Number 10," a spacecraft observatory that is designed to find exoplanets in our region of the Milky Way Galaxy that are Earth-sized and smaller, and that are within the habitable zone.[15] The planet orbits Kepler-186, a red dwarf star[16] about half the size and mass of the Sun[17] that lies in the direction of the constellation Cygnus, about 500 light-years away.[18] The number "186" in the planet's name refers to the order in which its planetary system was discovered while scientists processed all of the data produced by the Kepler Space Telescope.[19]

The astronauts

The film's cast reflects the crew of the International Space Station. The astronauts who appeared in the movie included:

• Cristoforetti, Samantha: Spent more time in an uninterrupted spaceflight than any other European astronaut.
• Kelly, Scott: Spent roughly a year in space during a long, uninterrupted stay aboard the International Space Station.
• Lindgren, Kjell: A medical doctor who had previously worked as a flight surgeon supporting medical operations and space-station training at NASA's Johnson Space Center.[20]
• Shkaplerov, Anton: Commander of the Soyuz spacecraft that brought Cristoforetti and Virts to the Space Station.
• Virts, Terry: Commander of the 43rd expedition to the ISS from March 11, 2015 to June 11, 2015.
• Wilmore, Barry "Butch": Commander of the 42nd expedition to the ISS from November 10, 2014 to March 11, 2015.
• Yui, Kimiya: Designated as Head of the JAXA Astronaut Group after he returned from his stay on the Space Station.[21]

Research lab

The International Space Station is a scientific laboratory,[22][23] and many of the experiments on the ISS use the astronauts themselves as research participants to determine how spaceflight affects the human body. On March 28, 2015, Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko arrived at the Space Station to begin a one year mission to study the health effects of long-term space travel.[24] Scientists hoped to analyze their mission and discover ways future space explorers might adjust to the effects of weightlessness, isolation, radiation exposure, and stress they would encounter in a 30-month-round-trip expedition to Mars or even longer trip beyond Mars.[25] Shortly after Kelly's arrival at the Space Station, A Beautiful Planet shows him participating in an initial examination of his eye, to study and correct any vision decline reported by many astronauts.[26]

Scott Kelly has an identical twin, Mark Kelly, who is also a retired NASA astronaut. The brothers agreed to be the subjects of a twin study; Mark stayed on Earth during Scott's eleven months aboard the ISS so that researchers could examine how an extended spaceflight affected Scott's body compared to Mark's.[27] While Scott was in space and after he returned, both twins gave periodic blood samples and DNA swabs, and they underwent body scans and many other medical tests.[28] In the epilogue to his 2017 book about the year-long mission, Scott wrote that the very preliminary assessments of the data from the mission and from the twin study were promising:

""

In the taste test phase of an experiment with space farming, Kelly and his fellow Expedition 44 crew-members Kjell Lindgren and Kimiya Yui are shown sampling red romaine lettuce that was grown in the Space Station's "Veggie" (or Vegetable Production) System. The Veggie series of experiments are designed to ensure that future explorers visiting the Moon, Mars or an asteroid have access to fresh produce and to provide them with an opportunity for relaxation and relief from stress or boredom.[31]

Earth observatory

A Beautiful Planet provides close-up footage of the Cupola, a domed, 360 degree observation bay on the nadir (Earth-facing) side of the Station's Tranquility module / Node 3. It has seven windows in total, with six outwardly angled windows arranged around a central, circular window which faces directly towards Earth. The circular window measures 80 centimeters in diameter and is the largest window ever sent into space.[32] Many scenes were filmed from the Cupola, and the astronauts themselves are shown taking photographs of views of Earth.

The Cupola was constructed by the European Space Agency for the purpose of giving astronauts a workstation where they could observe the Earth, the exterior of the Station, visiting vehicles, and the operation of the ISS robotic arms.[33] It also serves as a rejuvenation area where astronauts can rest and[34] communicate with other crew members.

Training facility

Much of the "training facility" aspect of the ISS mission is geared towards providing practical experience so that astronauts, space agencies, aerospace engineers and scientists are prepared for much longer space missions, including a possible human presence on Mars or the Moon.

Astronauts on the Space Station are required to spend approximately two hours each day in physical training to prevent the loss of bone density[35] and muscle atrophy that comes from living in an essentially weightless environment.[36] In the documentary, Terry Virts is shown exercising in a cardiovascular workout by running on an ISS treadmill, and Samantha Cristoforetti does strength training using an ISS exercise machine[37] that mimics weightlifting exercises. Both machines have adaptations that permit them to function in a micro-g environment. The treadmill has harness and bungee cord straps that keep astronaut runners from floating away from it, and the "weightlifting" machine replaces the weights (which don't have apparent weight in orbit and therefore can't be used for exercise) with two canisters that create small vacuums against which exercising astronauts can pull.[38]

The Space Station is positioned in low Earth orbit. This is just outside of the Earth's appreciable atmosphere and provides a training area in which astronauts can put on space suits, leave the ISS life support systems behind, and conduct spacewalks - or "Extravehicular activity (EVA)." An EVA may be undertaken to make repairs, reconfigure the Station to accommodate new modules and deploy new equipment. The ISS orbit is high enough to permit an astronaut and their sponsoring nation to gain EVA experience outside of the atmosphere. However, it is low enough to avoid the increased radiation exposure[39] and other difficulties associated with climbing further out of Earth's gravity well. (If the Earth is compared to a 16-inch beach ball, the orbit of the ISS would be about half an inch above the beach ball's surface.[40])

Butch Wilmore and Terry Virts performed three spacewalks over a nine-day period from February 21 to March 1, 2015. The film depicts some of their EVA undertakings outside the Space Station. While they worked, both explorers were cognizant of the dangers associated with spacewalks. Virts explains that a puncture to their EMU spacesuits was a particular concern because, according to him, "you 'walk around' by grabbing onto things with your gloves ... The outside of the Space Station is a jungle of wires, equipment and metal bars and trusses. If you accidentally sliced your glove or your spacesuit on one of the sharp edges, that could create a leak, and if that leak is big enough, you would die." Describing some of the other EVA hazards, Wilmore elaborates that the temperature is "almost 300 degrees [Fahrenheit] on the Sun side of the Space Station, but when you get in the shade, it's minus 275 degrees. You feel that inside the suit. My fingertips in the sunlight would feel like they were on fire, almost ... Also, you have a safety tether attached to the Station, and it's on a reel ... You can be upside down, twisted, inverted; you can completely lose your spatial awareness about where you are and what your attitude is, and you can easily get tangled up in that safety tether if you're not cautious. Every single movement you make, you're making an effort to think through it."

Digital IMAX cameras

The astronauts who filmed the movie used digital IMAX cameras, and much of the footage they produced was shot through the seven window panes on the Space Station's domed Cupola module.[43] The use of digital cameras permitted cinematographer James Neihouse to review image sequences almost immediately and make suggestions for retakes, and was a lightweight alternative to using IMAX film which can be developed only when returned from space.[44]

Myers and Neihouse coordinated with their astronaut camera crew to make use of the digital cameras' augmented capacity for filming in dim light. According to Myers, "We would not have the nighttime scenes without the digital dynamic range ... What the digital capture did, totally open up that night world to us, with stars, cities at night, lightning and other phenomena that you see at night, like auroras."[45]

Computer-generated spaceflight scenes

A Beautiful Planet starts and ends with two computer-generated "trips" past stars in the Earth's region of the Milky Way Galaxy. Both scenes are based on astronomical catalog data and actual telescopic observations,[46] and both were created by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.[47] The film's first scene begins with a viewpoint “below” the plane of the Milky Way, continuing past neighboring stars and ending at the Sun,[48] and one of the movie’s final scene begin with facing the Space Station and ends at the Earth-like planet Kepler-186f, 500 light years away.